<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.4" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">0536-1036</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Лесной журнал</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Lesnoy Zhurnal (Russian Forestry Journal)</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>ФГАОУ ВО «Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова»</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37482/0536-1036-2026-3-122-132</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">https://journals.narfu.ru/index.php/fj/article/view/2651</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">Оценка физико-механических свойств древесины сосны (Pinus sylvestris L.) методами ударного импульса и упругого отскока</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Evaluation of the Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Mechanical and Physical Properties Using the Impact Pulse and Elastic Rebound Methods</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Королев</surname>
            <given-names>А.С.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Королев</surname>
              <given-names>А.С.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Korolev</surname>
              <given-names>Aleksandr S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>korolevas@volgatech.net</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1370-1285</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">JKI-0714-2023</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Шарапов</surname>
            <given-names>Е.С.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Шарапов</surname>
              <given-names>Е.С.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Sharapov</surname>
              <given-names>Evgenii S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>sharapoves@volgatech.net</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6500-5377</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">B-8151-2014</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Быков</surname>
            <given-names>А.О.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Быков</surname>
              <given-names>А.О.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Bykov</surname>
              <given-names>Anton O.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>anton_bykov02@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-3429-5902</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">KFR-1574-2024</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Тимаков</surname>
            <given-names>П.Г.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Тимаков</surname>
              <given-names>П.Г.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Timakov</surname>
              <given-names>Pavel G.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>pavel.timakov.99@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-1590-5029</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">MGB-0595-2025</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Поволжский государственный технологический университет (г. Йошкар-Ола, Республика Марий Эл, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Volga State University of Technology (Yoshkar-Ola, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-15">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>122</fpage>
      <lpage>132</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-03">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-29">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2025-09-27">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© Королев А.С., Шарапов Е.С., Быков А.О., Тимаков П.Г., 2026</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Королев А.С., Шарапов Е.С., Быков А.О., Тимаков П.Г.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Korolev A.S., Sharapov E.S., Bykov A.O., Timakov P.G.</copyright-holder>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://journals.narfu.ru/index.php/fj/article/view/2651">https://journals.narfu.ru/index.php/fj/article/view/2651</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Неразрушающий контроль широко применяется для определения технического качества, строения и внутреннего состояния древесных материалов и древесины в растущих деревьях и элементах деревянных конструкций. В число перспективных направлений для оценки физико-механических свойств конструкционных материалов входят методы упругого отскока и ударного импульса. Цель работы – апробирование использования данных методов для косвенного определения плотности, статической твердости и динамического модуля упругости древесины. Исследования проведены на 67 бездефектных образцах древесины сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) с нормализованной влажностью и размерами 50×50×50 мм3 с использованием мобильных приборов «Оникс 2.6» (ООО НПП «Интерприбор», Челябинск, Россия) и Silver Schmidt (Proceq SA, Шверценбах, Швейцария). Оценена изменчивость измеряемых параметров, получены регрессионные модели взаимосвязи параметров упругого отскока и ударного импульса с физико-механическими свойствами древесины. Наибольшие коэффициенты вариации соответствуют параметрам ударного импульса по радиальной и тангенциальной поверхностям образцов и статической твердости радиальной поверхности образцов. Установлена умеренная взаимосвязь плотности (R2 = 0,49) и динамического модуля упругости вдоль волокон (R2 = 0,39) с упругим отскоком от радиальной поверхности образцов. Невысокие коэффициенты детерминации моделей прогнозирования физико-механических свойств древесины сосны являются следствием недостаточного диапазона варьирования плотности образцов, а также локальности оценки свойств данными методами, что ограничивает их применение для оперативной оценки свойств древесины у растущих деревьев, пиломатериалов и в элементах деревянных конструкций. Методы могут быть использованы для ориентировочной оценки древесины или определения участков, пораженных гнилями. Повышение качества моделей прогнозирования физико-механических свойств древесины методами ударного импульса и упругого отскока может быть достигнуто за счет использования инденторов с большей площадью контакта, а также расширения диапазона изменчивости свойств образцов для одной или нескольких пород древесины, что и будет являться целью дальнейших изысканий.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Nondestructive testing is widely used for determining the technical quality, structure and internal condition of wood-based materials and wood in growing trees and elements of wood structures. The elastic rebound and impact pulse method belong to the most promising methods for evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of construction materials. The paper aims at testing the application of these methods for indirect determination of wood density, static hardness and dynamic modulus of elasticity. The study used 67 non-defective specimens of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood with a normalized moisture content and dimensions of 50×50×50 mm3 with the use of applied portative devices such as Oniks 2.6 (Interpribor, Chelyabinsk, Russia) and Silver Schmidt (Proceq SA, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland). We assessed variability of the measured parameters and obtained regression models of the relationship between the parameters of elastic rebound/impact pulse and the mechanical and physical properties of wood. The highest variation coefficients were obtained for the impact pulse on the radial and tangential surfaces of the specimens as well as for the static hardness of the radial surface of the specimens. A moderate correlation was found between the density (R2 = 0.49) / dynamic modulus of elasticity along the fibers (R2 = 0.39) and the elastic rebound from the radial surface of the specimens. The low determination coefficients of the models for predicting the mechanical and physical properties of pine wood are due to the limited range of variation in the specimen density, as well as the local nature of the property evaluation with these methods. All this limits their application for the operational assessment of the properties of standing trees, lumber, and wooden construction elements. These methods are useful for estimating the wood quality or identifying areas affected by rot. The improved quality of models for predicting the mechanical and physical properties of wood by means of the impact pulse and elastic rebound methods may be achieved by using indenters with a larger contact area, as well as by expanding the range of variability in specimen properties for one or more wood species. This will be the focus of our further research.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>склерометр</kwd>
        <kwd>неразрушающий контроль</kwd>
        <kwd>упругий отскок</kwd>
        <kwd>ударный импульс</kwd>
        <kwd>плотность древесины</kwd>
        <kwd>сосна</kwd>
        <kwd>Pinus sylvestris L.</kwd>
        <kwd>статическая твердость</kwd>
        <kwd>динамический модуль упругости</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>sclerometer</kwd>
        <kwd>non-destructive testing</kwd>
        <kwd>elastic rebound</kwd>
        <kwd>impact pulse</kwd>
        <kwd>wood density</kwd>
        <kwd>pine</kwd>
        <kwd>Pinus sylvestris L.</kwd>
        <kwd>static hardness</kwd>
        <kwd>dynamic modulus of elasticity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счет гранта РНФ № 23-16-00220, https://rscf.ru/project/23-16-00220/</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 23-16-00220, https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-16-00220/</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="ref1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Королев А.С., Шарапов Е.С., Попов В.А. Оценка внутреннего состояния древесины в балках перекрытий методом измерения сопротивления сверлению // Вестн. гражданск. инж. 2023. № 5(100). С. 21–30. https://doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2023-20-5-21-30</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Курс теоретической механики / ред.: В.И. Дронг, В.В. Дубинин, М.М. Ильин, К.С. Колесников, В.А. Космодемьянский, Б.П. Назаренко, А.А. Панкратов, П.Г. Русанов, Ю.С. Саратов, Ю.М. Степанчук, Г.М. Тушева, П.М. Шкапов. 4-е изд., испр. М.: МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2011. 758 с.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полубояринов О.И. Плотность древесины. М.: Лесн. пром-сть, 1976. 160 с.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стихановский Б.Н., Скобликова М.В. Определение твердости и дефектов поверхности методом упругого отскока // Совр. науч. исслед. и инновации. 2011. № 7. Режим доступа: https://web.snauka.ru/issues/2011/11/5286 (дата обращения: 05.06.25).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уголев Б.Н. Древесиноведение и лесное товароведение. 5-е изд., перераб. И доп. М.: МГУЛ, 2007. 351 с.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федяев А.А., Чубинский А.Н. Неразрушающие методы контроля свойств продукции из древесины. СПб.: Галаника, 2022. 118 с.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шарапов Е.С. Совершенствование методов и средств квазинеразрушающего контроля физико-механических свойств древесины и древесных материалов: дис. … д-ра техн. наук. Архангельск, 2020. 340 с.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ямпольский Д.З. О возможности определения энергии ударного импульса методом индикаторных диаграмм // Вестн. науч.-техн. развития. 2024. № 2(173). С. 9–15. https://doi.org/10.18411/vntr2024-173-2</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arriaga F., Osuna-Sequera C., Bobadilla I., Esteban M. Prediction of the Mechanical Properties of Timber Members in Existing Structures Using the Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity and Visual Grading Parameters. Construction and Building Materials, 2022, vol. 322, art. 126512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126512</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bucur V. Acoustics of Wood. Ed. by T.E. Timell, R. Wimmer. Berlin, Springer, 2006. 393 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30594-7</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Da Veiga N.S., Soriano J. Sclerometric Index Evaluated Along the Depth of Cross-Section of Timber Beams. Scientia Forestalis, vol. 47, no. 122, pp. 359–373. (In Portuguese). https://doi.org/10.18671/scifor.v47n122.19</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaskowska-Lemańska J., Wałach D., Górka-Stańczyk M. Correction Factors for Sclerometric Test Results in the Technical Assessment of Timber Structural Elements Under Diverse Conditions. Materials, 2023, vol. 16, iss. 24, art. 7582. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247582</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karlinasari L., Fredisa Y., Adzkia U., Fauziyyah S., Dwiyanti F., Siregar I.Z. Use of a Pin-Penetration Wood Density Meter to Determine the Density of 25 Indonesian Species. BioResources, 2021, vol. 16, iss. 2, pp. 3032–3045. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.3032-3045</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kloiber M., Drdácký M., Machado J.S., Piazza M., Yamaguchi N. Prediction of Mechanical Properties by Means of Semi-Destructive Methods: A Review. Construction and Building Materials, 2015, vol. 101, part 2, pp. 1215–1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.134</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kloiber M., Drdácký M., Tippner J., Hrivnák J. Conventional Compressive Strength Parallel to the Grain and Mechanical Resistance of Wood Against Pin Penetration and Microdrilling Established by in-situ Semidestructive Devices. Materials and Structures, 2015, vol. 48, pp. 3217–3229. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0392-6</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Llana D.F., Short I., Harte A.M. Use of Non-Destructive Test Methods on Irish Hardwood Standing Trees and Small-Diameter Round Timber for Prediction of Mechanical Properties. Annals of Forest Science, 2020, vol. 77, iss. 3, art. 62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-020-00957-x</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lorensani R.G.M., Gonçalves R. Machine Learning Algorithms and Nondestructive Methods for Estimating Wood Density in Planted Forest Trees. Forests, 2025, vol. 16, no. 2, art. 376. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16020376</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mäkipää R., Linkosalo T. A Non-Destructive Field Method for Measuring Wood Density of Decaying Logs. Silva Fennica, 2011, vol. 45, no. 5, art. 91. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.91</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martins I.Z., Deldotti L.R., Soriano J., Faria D.L. Janka Hardness of Hardwood Species Evaluated by the Nondestructive Sclerometric Method. Materials and Structures, 2022, vol. 55, art. 227. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-022-02064-x</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mora C.R., Schimleck L.R., Isik F., Mahon J.M., Clark A., Daniels R.F. Relationship Between Acoustic Variables and Different Measures of Stiffness in Standing Pinus taeda Trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2009, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 1421–1429. https://doi.org/10.1139/X09-062</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oliveira J.T.S., Wang X., Vidaurre G. Assessing Specific Gravity of Young Eucalyptus Plantation Trees Using a Resistance Drilling Technique. Holzforschung, 2017, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0058</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schimleck L., Dahlen J., Apiolaza L.A., Downes G., Emms G., Evans R., et al. Non-Destructive Evaluation Techniques and What They Tell Us About Wood Property Variation. Forests, 2019, vol. 10, iss. 9, art. 728. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10090728</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharapov E., Demakov Yu., Korolev A. Effect of Plantation Density on Some Physical and Technological Parameters of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Forests, 2024, vol. 15, iss. 2, art. 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15020233</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soriano J., da Veiga N.S., Martins I.Z. Wood Density Estimation Using the Sclerometric Method. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 2015, vol. 73, pp. 753–758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0948-3</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soriano J., Gonçalves R., Bertoldo C., Trinca A.J. Application of Esclerometeric Test Method in Pieces of Eucalyptus saligna. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 2011, vol. 15(3), pp. 322–328. (In Portuguese). https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662011000300015</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tannert T., Anthony R.W., Kasal B., Kloiber M., Piazza M., Riggio M., et al. In situ Assessment of Structural Timber Using Semi-Destructive Techniques. Materials and Structures, 2014, vol. 47, pp. 767–785. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0094-5</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tippner J., Hrivnák J., Kloiber M. Experimental Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Softwood Using Acoustic Methods. BioResources, 2016, vol. 11, iss. 1, pp. 503–518. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.1.503-518</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X., Ross R.J., McClellan M., Barbour J., Erickson J.R., Forsman J.W., et al. Strength and Stiffness Assessment of Standing Trees Using a Nondestructive Stress Wave Technique. Research Paper FPL, RP–585. USDA Forest Service, 2000. 9 p.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korolev A.S., Sharapov E.S., Popov V.A. Assessment of Internal Condition of Wood in Inter-Floor Covering Beams by Drilling Resistance Measurement Method. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov = Bulletin of Civil Engineers, 2023, no. 5(100), pp. 21–30. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2023-20-5-21-30</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Course of Theoretical Mechanics: Textbook for Universities. Ed. by V.I. Drong, V.V. Dubinin, M.M. Il’in, et al. Moscow, BMSTU Publ., 2011. 758 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poluboyarinov O.I. Wood Density. Moscow, Lesnaya promyshlennostʼ Publ., 1976. 160 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stihanovskiy B.N., Skoblikova M.V. Hardness and Surface Defects by Rebound. Modern scientific researches and innovations, 2011, no. 7. 12 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ugolev B.N. Wood Science and Forest Commodity Science. Moscow, MGUL Publ., 2007. 351 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedyaev A.A., Chubinsky A.N. Nondestructive Testing Methods for Wood Product Properties. Saint Petersburg, GALANIKA Publ., 2022. 118 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharapov E.S. Improvement of Methods and Means of Quasi-non-Destructive Testing of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood and Wood-Based Materials: Dr. Engin. Sci. Diss. Arkhangelsk, 2020. 340 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yampolsky D.Z. About the Possibility of Determining Energy of the Shock Pulse by the Method of Indicator Diagrams. Vestnik nauchno-tekhnicheskogo razvitiya = Bulletin of Science and Technical Development, 2024, no. 2(173), pp. 9–15. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18411/vntr2024-173-2</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arriaga F., Osuna-Sequera C., Bobadilla I., Esteban M. Prediction of the Mechanical Properties of Timber Members in Existing Structures Using the Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity and Visual Grading Parameters. Construction and Building Materials, 2022, vol. 322, art. 126512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126512</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bucur V. Acoustics of Wood. Ed. by T.E. Timell, R. Wimmer. Berlin, Springer, 2006. 393 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30594-7</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Da Veiga N.S., Soriano J. Sclerometric Index Evaluated Along the Depth of Cross-Section of Timber Beams. Scientia Forestalis, vol. 47, no. 122, pp. 359–373. (In Portuguese). https://doi.org/10.18671/scifor.v47n122.19</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaskowska-Lemańska J., Wałach D., Górka-Stańczyk M. Correction Factors for Sclerometric Test Results in the Technical Assessment of Timber Structural Elements Under Diverse Conditions. Materials, 2023, vol. 16, iss. 24, art. 7582. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247582</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karlinasari L., Fredisa Y., Adzkia U., Fauziyyah S., Dwiyanti F., Siregar I.Z. Use of a Pin-Penetration Wood Density Meter to Determine the Density of 25 Indonesian Species. BioResources, 2021, vol. 16, iss. 2, pp. 3032–3045. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.3032-3045</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kloiber M., Drdácký M., Machado J.S., Piazza M., Yamaguchi N. Prediction of Mechanical Properties by Means of Semi-Destructive Methods: A Review. Construction and Building Materials, 2015, vol. 101, part 2, pp. 1215–1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.134</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref43">
        <label>43</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kloiber M., Drdácký M., Tippner J., Hrivnák J. Conventional Compressive Strength Parallel to the Grain and Mechanical Resistance of Wood Against Pin Penetration and Microdrilling Established by in-situ Semidestructive Devices. Materials and Structures, 2015, vol. 48, pp. 3217–3229. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0392-6</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref44">
        <label>44</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Llana D.F., Short I., Harte A.M. Use of Non-Destructive Test Methods on Irish Hardwood Standing Trees and Small-Diameter Round Timber for Prediction of Mechanical Properties. Annals of Forest Science, 2020, vol. 77, iss. 3, art. 62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-020-00957-x</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref45">
        <label>45</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lorensani R.G.M., Gonçalves R. Machine Learning Algorithms and Nondestructive Methods for Estimating Wood Density in Planted Forest Trees. Forests, 2025, vol. 16, no. 2, art. 376. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16020376</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref46">
        <label>46</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mäkipää R., Linkosalo T. A Non-Destructive Field Method for Measuring Wood Density of Decaying Logs. Silva Fennica, 2011, vol. 45, no. 5, art. 91. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.91</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref47">
        <label>47</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martins I.Z., Deldotti L.R., Soriano J., Faria D.L. Janka Hardness of Hardwood Species Evaluated by the Nondestructive Sclerometric Method. Materials and Structures, 2022, vol. 55, art. 227. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-022-02064-x</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref48">
        <label>48</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mora C.R., Schimleck L.R., Isik F., Mahon J.M., Clark A., Daniels R.F. Relationship Between Acoustic Variables and Different Measures of Stiffness in Standing Pinus taeda Trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2009, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 1421–1429. https://doi.org/10.1139/X09-062</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref49">
        <label>49</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oliveira J.T.S., Wang X., Vidaurre G. Assessing Specific Gravity of Young Eucalyptus Plantation Trees Using a Resistance Drilling Technique. Holzforschung, 2017, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0058</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref50">
        <label>50</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schimleck L., Dahlen J., Apiolaza L.A., Downes G., Emms G., Evans R., et al. Non-Destructive Evaluation Techniques and What They Tell Us About Wood Property Variation. Forests, 2019, vol. 10, iss. 9, art. 728. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10090728</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref51">
        <label>51</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharapov E., Demakov Yu., Korolev A. Effect of Plantation Density on Some Physical and Technological Parameters of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Forests, 2024, vol. 15, iss. 2, art. 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15020233</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref52">
        <label>52</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soriano J., da Veiga N.S., Martins I.Z. Wood Density Estimation Using the Sclerometric Method. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 2015, vol. 73, pp. 753–758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0948-3</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref53">
        <label>53</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soriano J., Gonçalves R., Bertoldo C., Trinca A.J. Application of Esclerometeric Test Method in Pieces of Eucalyptus saligna. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 2011, vol. 15(3), pp. 322–328. (In Portuguese). https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662011000300015</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref54">
        <label>54</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tannert T., Anthony R.W., Kasal B., Kloiber M., Piazza M., Riggio M., et al. In situ Assessment of Structural Timber Using Semi-Destructive Techniques. Materials and Structures, 2014, vol. 47, pp. 767–785. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0094-5</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref55">
        <label>55</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tippner J., Hrivnák J., Kloiber M. Experimental Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Softwood Using Acoustic Methods. BioResources, 2016, vol. 11, iss. 1, pp. 503–518. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.1.503-518</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref56">
        <label>56</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X., Ross R.J., McClellan M., Barbour J., Erickson J.R., Forsman J.W., et al. Strength and Stiffness Assessment of Standing Trees Using a Nondestructive Stress Wave Technique. Research Paper FPL, RP–585. USDA Forest Service, 2000. 9 p.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>
