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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">0536-1036</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Лесной журнал</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Lesnoy Zhurnal (Russian Forestry Journal)</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>ФГАОУ ВО «Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова»</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37482/0536-1036-2026-4-20-34</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">https://journals.narfu.ru/index.php/fj/article/view/2685</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">Распределение диаметров деревьев разновозрастных древостоев липы мелколистной</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Distribution of Tree Diameters in Mixed-Age Stands of Small-Leaved Linden</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Габделхаков</surname>
            <given-names>А.К.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Габделхаков</surname>
              <given-names>А.К.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Gabdelkhakov</surname>
              <given-names>Aydar K.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>aliya201199@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7129-880X</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">G-3023-2018</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Фазлутдинов</surname>
            <given-names>И.И.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Фазлутдинов</surname>
              <given-names>И.И.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Fazlutdinov</surname>
              <given-names>Ilyas I.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>solnc2007@yandex.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0327-3752</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">C-9581-2019</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Коновалов</surname>
            <given-names>В.Ф.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Коновалов</surname>
              <given-names>В.Ф.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Konovalov</surname>
              <given-names>Vladimir F.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>vfkonovalov@bk.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2020-5540</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">G-2775-2018</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Мартынова</surname>
            <given-names>М.В.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Мартынова</surname>
              <given-names>М.В.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Martynova</surname>
              <given-names>Maria V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>maaarusssia@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8804-8425</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">G-4659-2018</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Гарфутдинова</surname>
            <given-names>С.И.</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Гарфутдинова</surname>
              <given-names>С.И.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Garfutdinova</surname>
              <given-names>Sabrina I.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>sabrina.shatskaya@yandex.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-4132-9410</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">PGA-3926-2026</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный аграрный университет (г. Уфа, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Agrarian University (Ufa, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство лесного хозяйства Республики Башкортостан (г. Уфа, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Forestry Republic of Bashkortostan (Ufa, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff3">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство земельных и имущественных отношений Республики Башкортостан (г. Уфа, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Land and Property Regulations Republic of Bashkortostan (Ufa, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-10">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>20</fpage>
      <lpage>34</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-19">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-26">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2025-06-23">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© Габделхаков А.К., Фазлутдинов И.И., Коновалов В.Ф., Мартынова М.В., Гарфутдинова С.И., 2026</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Габделхаков А.К., Фазлутдинов И.И., Коновалов В.Ф., Мартынова М.В., Гарфутдинова С.И.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gabdelkhakov A.K., Fazlutdinov I.I., Konovalov V.F., Martynova M.V., Garfutdinova S.I.</copyright-holder>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://journals.narfu.ru/index.php/fj/article/view/2685">https://journals.narfu.ru/index.php/fj/article/view/2685</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Оценка количественных характеристик лесного насаждения является исходным требованием стратегий планирования использования насаждения и лесоводственных мероприятий в нем. В число таких характеристик входит структурное разнообразие, которое может устанавливаться путем моделирования плотности вероятности распределения диаметров деревьев на высоте 1,3 м. Целью настоящего исследования стало описание структуры древостоя и подбор наиболее подходящей модели конечной смеси эмпирического распределения деревьев по диаметрам естественных разновозрастных древостоев липы мелколистной (Tilia cordata Mill.) центрально-восточной части Республики Башкортостан. Выполнен иерархический кластерный анализ полученных на 19 пробных площадях показателей деревьев методом Уорда и установлена пригодность методов 2-компонентных конечных смесей, основанных на гамма-распределении, распределении Вейбулла, логнормальном и скошено-нормальном распределениях. Для подгонки моделей конечных смесей к данным о диаметре использовали алгоритм максимизации ожидания, реализованный в пакете ForestFit, разработанный для среды R. Все исследованные древостои отнесены к унимодальному типу, кривые структур распределений по диаметру характеризовались скошенной, сложной и нерегулярной формами, бимодальных распределений М-образного типа с 2 пиками и нисходящих обратной J-образной формы не отмечено. Обнаружено, что смесь скошено-нормальной модели последовательно продемонстрировала наилучшую производительность с точки зрения показателей соответствия Колмогорова–Смирнова и Андерсона–Дарлинга, информационных критериев Акаике и Байеса для всех пробных площадей. Оценка относительных рангов качества соответствия позволила ранжировать конечные смеси следующим образом: Вейбулла (3,5 – наихудшее соответствие), логнормальное распределение (3,2), гамма (2,9) и скошено-нормальное распределение (1,0). Таким образом, модель конечной смеси, основанная на скошено-нормальном распределении, может надежно аппроксимировать вероятности распределения диаметров разновозрастных древостоев липы мелколистной, обладает высокой гибкостью, эффективна с точки зрения баланса между точностью и сложностью. Модели конечной смеси одновременно позволяют оценить долю и частотное распределение деревьев разных возрастов и могут стать ключевым инструментом для перевода данных полевых измерений в динамические модели, прогнозирующие развитие леса.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Identification and assessment of quantitative parameters of forest stands are initial requirements for planning strategies and options for forestry measures. These parameters include structural diversity, which can be determined by modeling the density of distribution probability of tree diameters at breast height of 1.3 m (dbh). The study aimed at describing the tree stand structure and selecting the most appropriate finite mixture model (FMM) of the empirical diameter distribution of natural mixed-age small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) stands in the central-eastern part of the Republic of Bashkortostan. We carried out a hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward’s method on tree parameters obtained from 19 sample plots, and determined the suitability of two-component finite mixture methods based on the gamma distribution, Weibull distribution, log-normal distribution, and skew-normal distribution. In order to fit the FMM to the diameter data, we used an expectation-maximization algorithm implemented in the ForestFit package, which was developed for the R environment. All the stands studied were classified as unimodal; the diameter distribution curves were described as skewed, complex, and irregular; no bimodal distributions of the M-shaped type with two peaks or downward-sloping inverted J-shaped distributions were observed. It was found that the mixture of the skew-normal model consistently demonstrated the best performance in terms of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Anderson–Darling goodness-of-fit statistics, as well as the Akaike and Bayes information criteria, for all sample plots. An assessment of the relative quality ranks of the correspondence allowed the finite mixtures to be ranked as follows: Weibull (3.5 – worst correspondence), log-normal distribution (3.2), gamma (2.9), and skew-normal distribution (1.0). Thus, an FMM based on a skew-normal distribution can reliably approximate the diameter distribution probabilities of small-leaved linden stands of mixed ages; it is highly flexible and offers an effective balance between accuracy and complexity. FMM allow the simultaneous estimation of the proportion and age distribution of trees and can serve as a key tool for converting field measurement data into dynamic models that predict forest development.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>диаметр на высоте 1.3 м</kwd>
        <kwd>распределение по диаметру</kwd>
        <kwd>моделирование диаметров</kwd>
        <kwd>модель конечной смеси</kwd>
        <kwd>скошено-нормальное распределение</kwd>
        <kwd>липа мелколистная</kwd>
        <kwd>Tilia cordata Mill.</kwd>
        <kwd>Республика Башкортостан</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>diameter at a height of 1.3 m</kwd>
        <kwd>diameter distribution</kwd>
        <kwd>diameter modeling</kwd>
        <kwd>finite mixture model</kwd>
        <kwd>skew normal distribution</kwd>
        <kwd>small-leaved linden</kwd>
        <kwd>Tilia cordata Mill.</kwd>
        <kwd>Republic of Bashkortostan</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
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