<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.4" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2227-6564</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2687-1505</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Северного (Арктического) федерального университета Серия «Гуманитарные и социальные науки»</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University Series "Humanitarian and Social Sciences"</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37482/2687-1505-V527</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=92198981</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">Использование хеджей и бустеров в англоязычных научных статьях конца XIX – начала ХХ века</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>The Use of Hedges and Boosters in English-Language Scientific Articles of the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Дубовик</surname>
            <given-names>Елизавета Андреевна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Дубовик</surname>
              <given-names>Елизавета Андреевна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Dubovik</surname>
              <given-names>Elizaveta A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>e.dubovik@narfu.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7901-0969</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Боднарук</surname>
            <given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Боднарук</surname>
              <given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Bodnaruk</surname>
              <given-names>Elena V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>e.bodnaruk@narfu.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4405-4513</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова (Архангельск, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov (Arkhangelsk, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-31">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>26</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>52</fpage>
      <lpage>62</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-28">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-30">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2026-03-23">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© Дубовик Е.А., Боднарук Е.В., 2026</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дубовик Е.А., Боднарук Е.В.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dubovik E.A., Bodnaruk E.V.</copyright-holder>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=92198981">https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=92198981</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Статья посвящена использованию хеджей и бустеров, лексико-грамматических дискурсивных единиц, способствующих регулированию силы авторского высказывания, в англоязычном научном дискурсе конца XIX – начала XX века. Актуальность исследования обусловливается повышенным интересом современной лингвистики к дискурсивным единицам, в т. ч. хеджам и бустерам, играющим существенную роль в научном дискурсе, регулирующим идейное присутствие автора в тексте статьи, способствующим поддержанию контакта между авторами и читателями, а также отражающим субъективную авторскую позицию по рассматриваемому вопросу. Научная новизна работы заключается в том, что в ней впервые производится количественный и качественный анализ единиц смягчения и усиления высказывания в научных статьях англоязычных авторов конца XIX – начала XX века. В качестве материала послужили 12 статей из области прикладной лингвистики, теории педагогики, теоретической антропологии и прикладной астрофизики, которые были написаны в период с 1887 по 1914 год. Методом сплошной выборки было получено 3916 языковых единиц, из которых 41,1 % – хеджи, 58,9 % – бустеры. Результаты эмпирического анализа показывают, что бустеры и хеджи, будучи важными инструментами регулирования силы высказывания, активно использовались англоязычными авторами в научных публикациях конца XIX – начала XX столетия. Более частое употребление бустеров можно объяснить особенностями научной традиции того периода. В силу ряда причин (относительно небольшое количество публикаций, отсутствие жестких требований к структуре статьи и ее объему) исследователи были в большей степени склонны позиционировать себя как экспертов в выбранной области знания, выражая мысли весьма однозначно и уверенно.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>This paper is aimed at revealing the question about using hedges and boosters, lexico-grammatical discourse items that promote regulations of proposition force – within anglophone scientific discourse of the late 19th – early 20th century. The relevance of the research is determined by the increased interest of modern linguistics in discursive units, including hedges and boosters, which play a significant role in scientific discourse, regulating the author’s ideological presence in the text of the work, contributing to maintaining contact between the authors of texts and their readers, as well as reflecting the author’s subjective position on the discussed issue. The scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that it is for the first time to perform a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the units mitigating and reinforcing the utterance in scientific articles by anglophone authors of the late 19th – early 20th century. The research material includes articles from the field of applied linguistics, theory of pedagogy, theoretical anthropology and applied astrophysics. The articles analysed were written between 1887 and 1914. The total number of hedges and boosters identified by the continuous sampling method was 3916 language units, of which 41.1 % were defined as hedges and 58.9 % as boosters. The results of empirical analysis show that boosters and hedges, being important tools for regulating the power of utterance, were actively used by anglophone authors in scientific publications of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The more frequent usage of boosters can be explained by the scientific traditions of that period. Due to a number of reasons (the relatively small number of published articles, the absence of strict requirements regarding article structure and length), the authors of scientific papers positioned themselves more as real experts in their field of knowledge, expressing their subjective thoughts very unambiguously and confidently.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>хеджи</kwd>
        <kwd>бустеры</kwd>
        <kwd>смягчение высказывания</kwd>
        <kwd>усиление высказывания</kwd>
        <kwd>научный дискурс конца XIX – начала XX века</kwd>
        <kwd>английский язык</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>hedges</kwd>
        <kwd>boosters</kwd>
        <kwd>hedging the proposition</kwd>
        <kwd>boosting the proposition</kwd>
        <kwd>scientific discourse of the late 19th – early 20th century</kwd>
        <kwd>the English language</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="ref1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hyland K. Boosting, Hedging and the Negotiation of Academic Knowledge // Text. 1998. Vol. 18(3). P. 349–382.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lakoff G. Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts // J. Philos. Logic. 1973. Vol. 2. P. 458–508.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feng C. Metadiscourse in Research Articles: A Comparative Study across Disciplines and Research Paradigms. PhD-Dissertation. Nanyang, 2014. 393 p.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">AlGhamdi G.A., Suleiman Alyousef H. The Construction of Knowledge Claims in Three Disciplines: An Exploration of Hedging and Boosting Strategies in Research Articles Written in English by Arab and Anglophone Writers // J. Lang. Educ. 2022. Vol. 8(2). P. 31–47.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hyland K., Zou H.J. “I Believe the Findings are Fascinating”: Stance in Three-Minute Theses // J. English Acad. Purposes. 2021. Vol. 50. Аrt. № 100973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2021.100973</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gribanova T.I., Gaidukova T.M. Hedging in Different Types of Discourse // Training, Language and Culture. 2019. Vol. 3(2). P. 85–99.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ларина Л.И., Витрук Л.Ю. Средства выражения неуверенности в современном английском языке на примере академического дискурса // Соврем. проблемы гуманит. и обществ. наук. 2016. № 5(13). С. 66–71.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malyuga E., McCarthy M. English and Russian Vague Category Markers in Business Discourse: Linguistic Identity Aspects // J. Pragmatics. 2018. Vol. 135. P. 39–52.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Викторова Е.Ю. Хеджи vs. бустеры: коммуникативное смягчение и усиление в жанре официального отзыва на диссертацию // Жанры речи. 2023. Т. 18, № 2(38). С. 126–131. https://doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2023-18-2-38-126-131</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Богинская О.А. Бустеры как метадискурсивное средство персуазивности в защитительной речи // Дискурс проф. коммуникации. 2024. Т. 6, № 1. С. 26–43. https://doi.org/10.24833/2687-0126-2024-6-1-26-43</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boginskaya O. Dissenting with Conviction: Boosting in Challenging the Majority Opinion // Int. J. Leg. Disc. 2023. Vol. 7(2). P. 257–279.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konukman В. Wissensbewertung im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs: Eine deskriptive linguistische Analyse in ausgewählten literaturwissenschaftlichen Artikeln // Diyalog. 2026. Vol. 1. C. 115–133.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сальман Чиад Ч.И. К вопросу о научном дискурсе и его особенностях // Преподаватель XXI век. 2022. № 2-2. С. 421–432.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panchenko N.N., Volkova Ya.A. Categoricalness in Scientific Discourse // J. Sib. Fed. Univer. Humanities Soc. Sci. 2021. Vol. 14(4). P. 535–543. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-0740</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dontcheva-Navratilova O. Hedges and Boosters in L2 (Czech) Master’s Theses and Published Research Articles: A Contrastive Analysis // Int. J. App. Ling. 2025. Vol. 35(1). P. 73–90.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quirk R., Greenbaum S., Leech G., Svartvik J. A University Grammar of English. M., 1982. 391 p.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peacock M. A Cross-Disciplinary Comparison of Boosting in Research Articles // Corpora. 2006. Vol. 1(1). P. 61–84.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hyland K. Writing without Conviction? Hedging in Science Research Articles // Appl. Ling. 1996. Vol. 17, № 4. P. 433–454.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Biber D., Johansson S., Leech G., Conrad S., Finegan E. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow, 1999. 1204 p.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quirk R., Greenbaum S., Leech G., Svartvik J. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London, 1985. 1779 p.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lebedeva I.S., Pavlova Е.B. Intensifiers in Modern English // Vestnik MGLU. 2016. № 21(760). P. 43–56.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боднарук Е.В. Модальные глаголы: между модальностью, эвиденциальностью и темпоральностью (на материале современного немецкого языка) // Вестн. Томск. гос. ун-та. Филология. 2019. № 59. С. 19–34.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боднарук Е.В. Модальные глаголы в современном немецком языке: систематизация значений // Вестн. МГЛУ. Гуманит. науки, 2019. Вып. 1(817). С. 66–79.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hyland K., Jiang F.K. Metadiscourse Choices in EAP: An Intra-Journal Study of JEAP // J. Engl. Acad. Purp. 2022. Vol. 60(2). P. 1–12.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ларина Т.В. Категория вежливости и стиль коммуникации: Сопоставление английских и русских лингвокультурных традиций. М., 2009. 512 с.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farrokhi F., Emami S. Hedges and Boosters in Academic Writing: Native vs. Non-Native Research Articles in Applied Linguistics and Engineering // J. Appl. Ling. 2008. Vol. 1, № 2. P. 62–98.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hyland K. Boosting, Hedging and the Negotiation of Academic Knowledge. Text, 1998, vol. 18. pp. 349–382.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lakoff G. Hedges: a Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts. J. Philos. Logic, 1973, vol. 2. pp. 458–508.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feng C. Metadiscourse in Research Articles: A Comparative Study across Disciplines and Research Paradigms. PhD dissertation. Nanyang, 2014. 393 p.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">AlGhamdi G.A., Suleiman Alyousef H. The Construction of Knowledge Claims in Three Disciplines: An Exploration of Hedging and Boosting Strategies in Research Articles Written in English by Arab and Anglophone Writers. J. Lang. Educ., 2022, vol. 8. pp. 31–47.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hyland K., Zou H. J. “I Believe the Findings are Fascinating”: Stance in Three-Minute Theses. J. English Acad. Purposes, 2021, vol. 50, art. no. 100973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2021.100973</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gribanova T.I., Gaidukova T.M. Hedging in Different Types of Discourse. Training, Language and Culture, 2019, vol. 3, pp. 85–99.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larina L.I., Vitruk L.Y. Means of Expressing Uncertainty in Modern English Language Within the Academic Discourse. Sovremennye problemy gumanitarnykh i obshchestvennykh nauk, 2016, no. 5, pp. 66–71 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malyuga E., McCarthy M. English and Russian Vague Category Markers in Business Discourse: Linguistic Identity Aspects. J. Pragmatics, 2018, vol. 135, pp. 39–52.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Viktorova Е.Y. Hedges and Boosters: Communicative Mitigation and Enhancement in the Genre of Dissertation Review. Zhanry rechy, 2023, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 126–131 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2023-18-2-38-126-131</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boginskaya О.А. Metadiscursive Boosting in Russian Courtroom Discourse: Enhancing Pursuasiveness in Defense Speeches. Diskurs professional’noy kommunikatsii, 2024, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 26–43 (in Russ). https://doi.org/10.24833/2687-0126-2024-6-1-26-43</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boginskaya O. Dissenting with Conviction: Boosting in Challenging the Majority Opinion. Int. J. Leg. Disc., 2022, vol. 7, pp. 257–279.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konukman В. Wissensbewertung im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs: Eine deskriptive linguistische Analyse in ausgewählten literaturwissenschaftlichen Artikeln. Diyalog, 2026, vol. 1, pp. 115–133.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sal’man Chiad Ch.I. Scientific Discourse and its Features. Prepodavatel’ XXI vek, 2022, no. 2, pp. 421–432 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panchenko N.N., Volkova Ya.A. Categoricalness in Scientific Discourse. J. Sib. Fed. Univer. Humanities Soc. Sci. 2021, vol. 14, pp. 535–543. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-0740</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dontcheva-Navratilova O. Hedges and Boosters in L2 (Czech) Master’s Theses and Published Research Articles: A Contrastive Analysis. Int. J. App. Ling., 2025, vol. 35, pp. 73–90.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quirk R., Greenbaum S., Leech G., Svartvik J. A University Grammar of English. Moscow, 1982. 391 p.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref43">
        <label>43</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peacock M. A Cross-Disciplinary Comparison of Boosting in Research Articles. Corpora, 2006, vol. 1, pp. 61–84.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref44">
        <label>44</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hyland K. Writing without Conviction? Hedging in Science Research Articles. Appl. Ling., 1996, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 433–454.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref45">
        <label>45</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Biber D., Johansson S., Leech G., Conrad S., Finegan E. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow, 1999. 1204 p.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref46">
        <label>46</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quirk R., Greenbaum S., Leech G., Svartvik J. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London, 1985. 1779 p.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref47">
        <label>47</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebedeva I.S., Pavlova Е.B. Intensifiers in Modern English. Vestnik MGLU, 2016, no. 21. pp. 43–56.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref48">
        <label>48</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bodnaruk Е.V. Modal Verbs: Between Modality, Evidentiality and Temporality (on the Material of Modern German Language). Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Philologia, 2019, no. 59, pp.19–34 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref49">
        <label>49</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bodnaruk Е.V. Modal Verbs in the Modern German Language: Systematization of Meanings. Vestnik MGLU. Gumanitarnye nauki, 2019, no. 1, pp. 66–79 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref50">
        <label>50</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hyland K., Jiang F.K. Metadiscourse Choices in EAP: An Intra-journal Study of JEAP. J. Engl. Acad. Purp., 2022, vol. 60, pp. 1–12.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref51">
        <label>51</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larina Т.V. The Category of Politeness and Communication Style: British and Russian Linguistic and Cultural Traditions Compared. Мoscow, 2009. 512 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref52">
        <label>52</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farrokhi F., Emami S. Hedges and Boosters in Academic Writing: Native vs. Non-Native Research Articles in Applied Linguistics and Engineering. J. Appl. Ling., 2008, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 62–98.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>
