Ключевые слова

2542-1298

2687-1491

Журнал медико-биологических исследований

Journal of Medical and Biological Research

Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет

10.37482/2687-1491-Z278

https://journals.narfu.ru/index.php/med/article/view/2134

НАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ

REVIEW ARTICLES

Связь между уровнем физической работоспособности и скоростью биологического старения (обзор)

Relationship Between the Level of Physical Performance and the Rate of Biological Ageing (Review)

Сверчков

Вадим Владимирович

Сверчков

Вадим Владимирович

Sverchkov

Vadim V.

Vadim.sverchkov@yandex.ru

0000-0003-3650-0624

Быков

Евгений Витальевич

Быков

Евгений Витальевич

Bykov

Evgeniy V.

0000-0002-7506-8793

Уральский государственный университет физической культуры (Челябинск, Россия) The Urals State University of Physical Culture (Chelyabinsk, Russia)

11 03 2026

14 1 61 72 26 02 2025 23 04 2025 21 04 2025

2026

Сверчков В.В., Быков Е.В.

Sverchkov V.V., Bykov E.V.

CC BY 4.0

https://journals.narfu.ru/index.php/med/article/view/2134

Старение представляет собой процесс накопления изменений в организме с течением времени, приводящий к повышению риска смертности. Известно, что регулярное выполнение физических упражнений способствует снижению риска смертности как от всех причин, так и от конкретных. Одним из положительных эффектов физических упражнений является улучшение физической работоспособности. Цель исследования – обзор и анализ научной литературы о связи между различными параметрами физической работоспособности (сила хвата, кардиореспираторная подготовленность, скорость походки), признаками саркопении (мышечная масса, аппендикулярная масса мышц) и скоростью биологического старения на основании эпигенетических часов, а также длины теломер. Поиск публикаций был проведен в научных текстовых базах PubMed (MEDLINE), Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos, Scopus и SPORTDiscus в соответствии с контрольными списками PRISMA-S и PRESS. Даты запросов – октябрь 2024 года и февраль 2025 года. Глубина запроса – 2015–2024 годы. Для обеспечения качества обзора литературы использовалась шкала оценки повествовательных обзорных статей SANRA. Согласно результатам наблюдательных исследований, а также исследований с Менделевской рандомизацией, более высокий уровень физической работоспособности коррелирует с более молодым эпигенетическим профилем, а также с большей длиной теломер, хотя данные некоторых работ противоречивы. В целом полученные сведения указывают на то, что поддержание/повышение физических кондиций будет способствовать снижению скорости биологического старения и увеличению продолжительности здоровой жизни. Необходимы дальнейшие исследования для подтверждения причинно-следственной связи между уровнем физической работоспособности и скоростью биологического старения для разработки профилактических мероприятий, нацеленных на продление периода здоровой жизни.

Ageing is the accumulation of changes in the body over time, leading to an increased risk of mortality. It is known that regular physical exercise helps to reduce the risk of mortality, both from all causes and from specific causes. One of the positive effects of exercise is increased physical performance. This article aimed to review and analyse literature on the relationship between various parameters of physical performance (grip strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, gait speed), signs of sarcopenia (appendicular skeletal muscle mass) and the rate of biological ageing based on the epigenetic clock and telomere length. A search was conducted in the databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos, Scopus and SPORTDiscus in accordance with the PRISMA-S and PRESS checklists. Query dates are October 2024 and February 2025, query depth is 2015–2024. The SANRA scale for assessing narrative review articles was used. According to observational and mendelian randomization studies, higher levels of physical performance correlate with a younger epigenetic profile and greater telomere length, although some studies have conflicting results. On the whole, the data obtained indicate that maintaining/improving physical fitness parameters will help to reduce the rate of biological ageing and increase healthy life expectancy. Further research is needed to confirm the cause-and-effect relationship between the level of physical performance and the rate of biological ageing in order to develop preventive measures to extend the period of healthy life.

Ключевые слова биологическое старение физическая работоспособность сила хвата скорость походки кардиореспираторная подготовленность эпигенетические часы длина теломер

Keywords biological ageing physical performance grip strength gait speed cardiorespiratory fitness epigenetic clock telomere length

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4. Chen Z., Shen Y., He J., Shen Y., Zhu W., Wu X., Xiao M. Longer Leukocyte Telomere Length Increases Cardiovascular Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes Patients // J. Diabetes. 2023. Vol. 15, No 4. P. 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13376

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21. Kankaanpää A., Tolvanen A., Bollepalli S., Leskinen T., Kujala U.M., Kaprio J., Ollikainen M., Sillanpää E. Leisure-Time and Occupational Physical Activity Associates Differently with Epigenetic Aging // Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2021. Vol. 53, No 3. P. 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002498

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1. López-Otín C., Blasco M.A., Partridge L., Serrano M., Kroemer G. Hallmarks of Aging: An Expanding Universe. Cell, 2023, vol. 186, no. 2, pp. 243–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.001

2. Wang Q., Xi L., Yang N., Song J., Taiwaikul D., Zhang X., Bo Y., Tang B., Zhou X. Association of Leukocyte Telomere Length with Risk of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Individuals Without Cardiovascular Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study of NHANES 1999–2002. Aging Clin. Exp. Res., 2024, vol. 36, no. 1. Art. no. 131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-024-02773-z

3. Samavat H., Luu H.N., Beckman K.B., Jin A., Wang R., Koh W.-P., Yuan J.-M. Leukocyte Telomere Length, Cancer Incidence and All-Cause Mortality Among Chinese Adults: Singapore Chinese Health Study. Int. J. Cancer, 2021, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 352–362. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33211

4. Chen Z., Shen Y., He J., Shen Y., Zhu W., Wu X., Xiao M. Longer Leukocyte Telomere Length Increases Cardiovascular Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. J. Diabetes, 2023, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13376

5. Lu A.T., Quach A., Wilson J.G., Reiner A.P., Aviv A., Raj K., Hou L., Baccarelli A.A., Li Y., Stewart J.D., Whitsel E.A., Assimes T.L., Ferrucci L., Horwath S. DNA Methylation GrimAge Strongly Predicts Lifespan and Healthspan. Aging (Albany N.Y.), 2019, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 303–327. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.101684

6. Jakicic J.M., Kohrt W.M., Houmard J.A., Miller M.E., Radom-Aizik S., Rasmussen B.B., Ravussin E., Serra M., Stowe C.L., Trappe S., et al. Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC): Human Studies Design and Protocol. J. Appl. Physiol., 2024, vol. 137, no. 3, pp. 473–493. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00102.2024

7. McGreevy K.M., Radak Z., Torma F., Jokai M., Lu A.T., Belsky D.W., Binder A., Marioni R.E., Ferrucci L., Pośpiech E., Branicki W., Ossowski A., Sitek A., Spólnicka M., Raffield L.M., Reiner A.P., Cox S., Kobor M., Corcoran D.L., Horvath S. DNAmFitAge: Biological Age Indicator Incorporating Physical Fitness. Aging (Albany N.Y.), 2023, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 3904–3938. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.204538

8. Rethlefsen M.L., Kirtley S., Waffenschmidt S., Ayala A.P., Moher D., Page M.J., Koffel J.B. PRISMA-S: An Extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews. Syst. Rev., 2021, vol. 10, no. 1. Art. no. 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z

9. McGowan J., Sampson M., Salzwedel D.M., Cogo E., Foerster V., Lefebvre C. PRESS Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies: 2015 Guideline Statement. J. Clin. Epidemiol., 2016, vol. 75, pp. 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021

10. Baethge C., Goldbeck-Wood S., Mertens S. SANRA – a Scale for the Quality Assessment of Narrative Review Articles. Res. Integr. Peer Rev., 2019, vol. 4. Art. no. 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41073-019-0064-8

11. Runacres A., Mackintosh K., McNarry M.A. Health Consequences of an Elite Sporting Career: Long-Term Detriment or Long-Term Gain? A Meta-Analysis of 165,000 Former Athletes. Sports Med., 2021, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 289–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01379-5

12. Altulea A., Rutten M.G.S., Verdijk L.B., Demaria M. Sport and Longevity: An Observational Study of International Athletes. GeroScience, 2024, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 1397–1409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-024-01307-9

13. Kawamura T., Radak Z., Tabata H., Akiyama H., Nakamura N., Kawakami R., Ito T., Usui C., Jokai M., Torma F., Kim H.-K., Miyachi M., Torii S., Suzuki K., Ishii K., Sakamoto S., Oka K., Higuchi M., Muraoka I., McGreevy K.M., Horvath S., Tanisawa K. Associations Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Lifestyle-Related Factors with DNA Methylation-Based Ageing Clocks in Older Men: WASEDA’S Health Study. Aging Cell, 2024, vol. 23, no. 1. Art. no. e13960. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13960

14. Hernandez Cordero A.I., Peters C., Li X., Yang C.X., Ambalavanan A., MacIsaac J.L., Kobor M.S., Fonseca G.J., Doiron D., Tan W., Bourbeau J., Jensen D., Sin D.D., Koelwyn G.J., Stickland M.K., Duan Q., Leung J.M. Younger Epigenetic Age Is Associated with Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Individuals with Airflow Limitation. iScience, 2024, vol. 27, no. 10. Art. no. 110934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.110934

15. Seki Y., Aczel D., Torma F., Jokai M., Boros A., Suzuki K., Higuchi M., Tanisawa K., Boldogh I., Horvath S., Radak Z. No Strong Association Among Epigenetic Modifications by DNA Methylation, Telomere Length, and Physical Fitness in Biological Aging. Biogerontology, 2023, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-022-10011-0

16. Jacques M., Hiam D., Craig J., Barrès R., Eynon N., Voisin S. Epigenetic Changes in Healthy Human Skeletal Muscle Following Exercise – a Systematic Review. Epigenetics, 2019, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 633–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/15592294.2019.1614416

17. Marioni R., Shah S., McRae A.F., Ritchie S.J., Muniz-Terrera G., Harris S.E., Gibson J., Redmond P., Cox S.R., Pattie A., Corley J., Taylor A., Murphy L., Starr J.M., Horvath S., Visscher P.M., Wray N.R., Deary I.J. The Epigenetic Clock Is Correlated with Physical and Cognitive Fitness in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Int. J. Epidemiol., 2015, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 1388–1396. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyu277

18. Ahn S., Sung Y., Song W. Machine Learning-Based Identification of Diagnostic Biomarkers for Korean Male Sarcopenia Through Integrative DNA Methylation and Methylation Risk Score: From the Korean Genomic Epidemiology Study (KoGES). J. Korean Med. Sci., 2024, vol. 39, no. 26. Art. no. e200. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e200

19. Chen G.-Y., Liu C., Xia Y., Wang P.-X., Zhao Z.-Y., Li A.-Y., Zhou C.-Q., Xiang C., Zhang J.-L., Zeng Y., Gu P., Li H. Effects of Walking on Epigenetic Age Acceleration: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Clin. Epigenetics, 2024, vol. 16, no. 1. Art. no. 94. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-024-01707-w

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