2687-1491 Журнал медико-биологических исследований Journal of Medical and Biological Research Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет 10.37482/2687-1491-Z299 https://journals.narfu.ru/index.php/med/article/view/2546 Применение электроэнцефалографии для оценки адаптационных процессов у человека (обзор) Application of Electroencephalography for Assessing Adaptation Processes in Humans (Review) Панков Михаил Николаевич Панков Михаил Николаевич Pankov Mikhail N. m.pankov@narfu.ru 0000-0003-3293-5751 Гудков Андрей Борисович Гудков Андрей Борисович Gudkov Andrey B. gudkovab@nsmu.ru 0000-0001-5923-0941 Пестов Яков Сергеевич Пестов Яков Сергеевич Pestov Yakov S. yakovpes@mail.ru 0009-0006-4010-157X Попова Ольга Николаевна Попова Ольга Николаевна Popova Olga N. popova_nsmu@mail.ru 0000-0002-0135-4594 Кожевникова Ирина Сергеевна Кожевникова Ирина Сергеевна Kozhevnikova Irina S. kogevnikovais@yandex.ru 0000-0001-7194-9465 Северный государственный медицинский университет; Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова (Архангельск, Россия) Northern State Medical University; Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov (Arkhangelsk, Russia) Северный государственный медицинский университет (Архангельск, Россия) Northern State Medical University (Arkhangelsk, Russia) Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова (Архангельск, Россия) Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov (Arkhangelsk, Russia) 07 10 2026 2026 14 3 104 118 26 03 2026 18 05 2026 14 05 2026 © Панков М.Н., Гудков А.Б., Пестов Я.С., Попова О.Н., Кожевникова И.С., 2026 2026 Панков М.Н., Гудков А.Б., Пестов Я.С., Попова О.Н., Кожевникова И.С. Pankov M.N., Gudkov A.B., Pestov Ya.S., Popova O.N., Kozhevnikova I.S. CC BY 4.0 https://journals.narfu.ru/index.php/med/article/view/2546

Электроэнцефалография является информативным способом регистрации биоэлектрической активности головного мозга, широко применяемым в физиологических и клинических исследованиях для оценки функционального состояния организма. В целом электроэнцефалография позволяет выявлять характерные адаптационные изменения и помогает понимать общие закономерности компенсаторно-приспособительных реакций. В представленной публикации рассматриваются вопросы использования электроэнцефалографии для оценки адаптационных процессов при стрессе, когнитивных и физических нагрузках. В настоящее время нейрофизиологическая диагностика стрессовых состояний базируется на анализе основных ритмов электроэнцефалограммы: дельта- (1–4 Гц), тета- (4–8 Гц), альфа- (8–14 Гц), бета- (14–30 Гц) и гамма- (>30 Гц) – с оценкой их спектральных характеристик (амплитуда, доминирующая частота, индекс). Современные исследования позволили идентифицировать три ключевых электрофизиологических коррелята стресса: снижение медиофронтальной тета-активности, модификацию дельта-осцилляций и фронтальную альфа-асимметрию. Адаптация к когнитивным нагрузкам представляет собой важнейший механизм поддержания умственной работоспособности и профилактики когнитивного утомления, при этом электроэнцефалография позволяет объективно оценивать функциональное состояние когнитивных процессов, отслеживать динамику изменений основных мозговых ритмов и выявлять ключевые нейрофизиологические механизмы адаптации центральной нервной системы к различным видам умственных нагрузок, что имеет существенное значение как для фундаментальных исследований когнитивных функций, так и для прикладных аспектов оптимизации умственной деятельности. Установлено, что нейрофизиологические механизмы адаптации к физическим нагрузкам включают в себя различные комплексные изменения, которые хорошо отражаются на электроэнцефалограмме. Таким образом, электроэнцефалография является эффективным инструментом для оценки не только изменений биоэлектрической активности мозга, но и процессов адаптации и восстановления при стрессе, когнитивных и физических нагрузках.

Electroencephalography is an informative method for recording the electrical activity of the brain, which is widely used in physiological and clinical studies to assess the functional state of the body. In general, electroencephalography allows to identify characteristic adaptive changes and helps understand the general patterns of compensatory and adaptive responses. This review examines the use of electroencephalography to assess adaptation processes during stress, and cognitive and physical exertion. Currently, neurophysiological diagnostics of stressful conditions is based on the analysis of the main electroencephalogram rhythms: delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–14 Hz), beta (14–30 Hz), and gamma (>30 Hz), with an assessment of their spectral characteristics (amplitude, dominant frequency, index). Modern research has identified three key electrophysiological correlates of stress: decreased mediofrontal theta activity, modified delta oscillations, and frontal alpha asymmetry. Adaptation to cognitive loads is a crucial mechanism for maintaining mental performance and preventing cognitive fatigue. Electroencephalography allows for an objective assessment of the functional state of cognitive processes, tracking the dynamics of changes in fundamental brain rhythms, and identifying key neurophysiological mechanisms of central nervous system adaptation to various types of mental exercise. This is of significant importance for both fundamental research on cognitive functions and applied aspects of optimizing mental performance. The review shows that the neurophysiological mechanisms of adaptation to physical loads include various complex changes that are clearly reflected in the electroencephalogram. Thus, electroencephalography is an effective tool for assessing not only changes in the brain’s bioelectrical activity, but also the processes of adaptation and recovery during stress, and cognitive and physical exertion.

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