2687-1491 Журнал медико-биологических исследований Journal of Medical and Biological Research Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет 10.37482/2687-1491-Z287 https://journals.narfu.ru/index.php/med/article/view/2619 НАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ REVIEW ARTICLES Вариабельность сердечного ритма: индивидуальные различия, роль в нейровисцеральной интеграции и оценке адаптационного потенциала человека (обзор) Heart Rate Variability: Individual Differences, Role in Neurovisceral Integration and Assessment of Human Adaptive Potential (Review) Михайленко Борис Юрьевич Михайленко Борис Юрьевич Mikhaylenko Boris Yu. 0009-0004-4983-9218 Панков Михаил Николаевич Панков Михаил Николаевич Pankov Mikhail N. 0000-0003-3293-5751 Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова (Архангельск, Россия) (Архангельск, Россия) Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov (Arkhangelsk, Russia) Северный государственный медицинский университет (Архангельск, Россия) (Архангельск, Россия) Northern State Medical University (Arkhangelsk, Russia) 18 05 2026 2026 14 2 91 105 12 01 2026 02 03 2026 24 02 2026 © Михайленко Б.Ю., Панков М.Н., 2026 2026 Михайленко Б.Ю., Панков М.Н. Михайленко Б.Ю., Панков М.Н. CC BY 4.0 https://journals.narfu.ru/index.php/med/article/view/2619

В данной статье систематизируются современные представления о вариабельности сердечного ритма (ВСР) как неинвазивном маркере нейровисцеральной интеграции и адаптационного потенциала человека. Рассматриваются основные методы анализа ВСР (временные, частотные и нелинейные), ее онтогенетическая динамика, включая пик в молодом возрасте и прогрессирующее снижение при старении, а также индивидуальные различия (гендерные, генетические). Особое внимание уделено роли ВСР в оценке функционального состояния организма человека, его стрессоустойчивости, когнитивной эффективности и связи ВСР с риском сердечно-сосудистых событий. В рамках модели нейровисцеральной интеграции, объединяющей активность центральной автономной сети (в частности, вентромедиальной префронтальной коры) с вегетативным балансом, обсуждается значение ВСР для прогнозирования долголетия и поддержания здоровья. Подчеркивается, что высокие показатели ВСР, особенно у долгожителей, коррелируют с лучшей сохранностью регуляторных систем. В обзоре также освещаются практические аспекты применения ВСР-мониторинга для объективной оценки психического напряжения и когнитивной нагрузки в реальном времени, в т. ч. в профессиональных группах (например, у медицинских работников и спортсменов). Обсуждаются методологические аспекты интерпретации показателей ВСР, необходимость учета вмешивающихся факторов (частота сердечных сокращений, фрагментация ритма) и перспективы использования новых интегральных индексов и нелинейных методов для повышения диагностической чувствительности. Делается вывод о том, что ВСР представляет собой мощный инструмент комплексной оценки адаптационного резерва, объединяющий показатели вегетативного баланса, центральной регуляции и психофизиологического состояния, что открывает пути для интеграции данного маркера в профилактическую и клиническую медицину.

This review systematizes contemporary concepts of heart rate variability (HRV) as an non-invasive marker of neurovisceral integration and human adaptive potential. The authors consider the main methods of HRV analysis (temporal, frequency, and non-linear) and its ontogenetic dynamics, including a peak in young adulthood and progressive decline with aging, as well as individual differences (gender, genetic). Special attention is paid to the role of HRV in assessing the functional state of the human body, stress resistance, and cognitive performance, as well as the association of HRV with the risk of cardiovascular events. Within the framework of the neurovisceral integration model, which links the activity of the central autonomic network (particularly the ventromedial prefrontal cortex) with autonomic balance, the significance of HRV for predicting longevity and maintaining health is discussed. It is emphasized that high HRV values, especially among long-livers, correlate with better preservation of regulatory systems. The review also highlights practical aspects of using HRV monitoring for the objective, real-time assessment of mental strain and cognitive load, including in professional groups (e.g., healthcare workers and athletes). Methodological aspects of interpreting HRV indices, the necessity of accounting for confounding factors (heart rate, heart rhythm fragmentation), and the prospects of using new integral indices and non-linear methods to improve diagnostic sensitivity are examined. It is concluded that HRV is a powerful tool for the comprehensive assessment of adaptive reserve, integrating indicators of autonomic balance, central regulation, and psychophysiological state, which paves the way for its integration into preventive and clinical medicine.

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