Performance Evaluation of Na-CMC in the Wet-Strength Paper Process Flow
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2026-3-150-162Keywords:
Na-CMC, wet-strength paper, Na-CMC consumption, Na-CMC interaction, paper pulp components, wet strength, mechanical strength, optical properties, chemical additivesAbstract
The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) in the production of wet-strength paper. Na-CMC is a water-soluble anionic cellulose derivative produced by the esterification of cellulose with sodium chloroacetate in an alkaline solution. The resulting polymer is highly hydrophilic due to the presence of carboxyl (-COO⁻) and hydroxyl (-OH⁻) functional groups, which ensures the compound’s high solubility in water and the formation of stable colloidal solutions. This study investigated the effect of Na-CMC on the paper pulp preparation process and the performance properties of the final product. The use of NA-CMC has been shown to have a comprehensive positive effect on the physical and mechanical, optical, and barrier properties of paper. NA-CMC reacts with paper pulp components such as wood and synthetic fibers, fillers, and binders, thereby enhancing the paper’s adhesive properties and improving its overall structure. Na-CMC is effective in multi-component systems; it enhances the activity and performance of other chemical substances, such as moisture-resistant resins and pigments. The study revealed quantitative relationships that explain how paper quality depends on the amount of NA-CMC consumed. The results are applicable to the production of high-performance white papers, particularly in terms of reducing the environmental impact of wastewater discharges. The method can be adapted to existing production lines at pulp and paper mills.
Acknowledgments: The research was carried out at the Innovative Facilities Engineering and Innovation Center “Advanced Northern Bioresources Processing Technologies” of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University (NArFU).
Downloads
References
Денисова М.Н., Будаева В.В., Минаев К.М. Физико-химические свойства полисахаридных реагентов, основным компонентом которых является натрий карбоксиметилцеллюлоза // Материалы IX Всерос. науч.-практ. конф. студентов, аспирантов и молодых ученых с междунар. участием. 2016. С. 457–464. Denisova M.N., Budayeva V.V., Minayev K.M. Physical and Chemical Properties of Polysaccharide Agents Containing Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose as the Main Component. Proceedings of the 9th All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference of Students, Postgraduate Students and Young Scientists with International Participation. 2016, pp. 457–464. (In Russ.).
Дернова Е.В., Гораздова В.В., Гурьев А.В., Дулькин Д.А., Дернов А.И., Окулова Е.О. Практикум по технологии бумаги и картона. Часть I. Анализ полуфабрикатов, химикатов и бумажной массы. Архангельск: САФУ, 2022. 88 с. Dernova E.V., Gorazdova V.V., Guryev A.V., Dulkin D.A., Dernov A.I., Okulova E.O. Workshop on Paper and Cardboard Technology. Part I. Analysis of Semi-Finished Products, Chemicals and Paper Pulp. Arkhangelsk, NArFU Publ., 2022. 88 p. (In Russ.).
Махотина Л.Г. Технология целлюлозных композиционных материалов. Современные тенденции в технологии мелованных видов бумаги и картона. СПб.: С.-Петерб. гос. ун-т промышл. технологий и дизайна. Высш. шк. технологии и энергетики, 2021. 76 с. Makhotina L.G. Cellulosic Composite Materials Technology. Current Trends in the Coated Paper and Cardboard Technology. Saint Petersburg, SUTD VShTE Publ., 2021. 76 p. (In Russ.).
Осипов П.В. Эффективное использование химических вспомогательных веществ в производстве бумаги и картона: автореф. дис. ... д-ра техн. наук. СПб., 2008. 32 с. Osipov P.V. Efficient Use of Chemical Auxiliaries in Paper and Cardboard Production: Dr. Engin. Sci. Diss. Abs. Saint Petersburg, 2008. 32 p. (In Russ.).
Пинягина Н.Б., Горшенина Н.С. Современное состояние, тенденции и перспективы развития целлюлозно-бумажной промышленности Российской Федерации // Лесн. вестн. / Forestry Bulletin. 2022. Т. 26, № 6. С. 148–160. Pinyagina N.B., Gorshenina N.S. Current State, Trends and Development Prospects of the Pulp and Paper Industry of the Russian Federation. Lesnoy vestnik = Forestry Bulletin, 2022, vol. 26, no. 6, рp. 148–160. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2022-6-148-160
Рыбин Е.А., Аксенчик К.В. Натрий-карбоксиметилцеллюлоза и способы ее получения // Наука сегодня: глобальные вызовы и механизмы развития: материалы Междунар. науч.-практ. конф.: в 2 ч. Ч. 1. Вологда: Маркер, 2017. С. 30–32. Rybin E.A., Aksenchik K.V. Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Methods for Its Production. Science Today: Global Challenges and Mechanisms of Development: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference: In 2 Vol. Vol. 1. Vologda, Marker Publ., 2017, pp. 30–32. (In Russ.).
Стась И.Е., Батищева И.А. Относительная вязкость водных растворов Na-карбоксиметилцеллюлозы и ее изменение в зависимости от кислотности среды, температуры и воздействия электромагнитного поля // Химия растит. сырья. 2018. № 3. С. 23–31. Stas I.E., Batishcheva I.A. Relative Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Na-Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Its Change Depending on the Acidity of the Medium, Temperature and Exposure to an Electromagnetic Field. Khimiya Rastitel’nogo Syr’ya = Chemistry of plant raw materials, 2018, no. 3, pp. 23–31. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2018033695
Тарасов С.М. Химические вспомогательные средства в производстве целлюлозных композиционных материалов. М.: Московск. гос. ун-т леса, 2016. 37 с. Tarasov S.M. Chemical Auxiliary Agents in the Production of Cellulose Composite Materials. Moscow, MSFU Publ., 2016. 37 p. (In Russ.).
Трескова В.И., Шипина О.Т., Романова С.М., Никитин В.Г. Химическая модификация карбоксиметилцеллюлозы диаминофуразаном // Вестн. технол. ун-та. 2016. Т. 19, № 12. С. 172–175. Treskova V.I., Shipina O.T., Romanova S.M., Nikitin V.G. Chemical Modification of Carboxymethyl Cellulose with Diaminofurazan. Herald of Technological University, 2016, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 172–175. (In Russ.).
Хованский В.В., Дубовый В.К., Кейзер П.М. Применение химических вспомогательных веществ в производстве бумаги и картона. Ч. 2. СПб.: С.-Петерб. гос. технол. ун-т растит. полимеров, 2013. 72 с. Khovanskiy V.V., Dubovyy V.K., Keyzer P.M. Use of Chemical Auxiliaries in Paper and Cardboard Production. Part 2. Saint Petersburg, SPbGTURP Publ., 2013. 72 p. (In Russ.).
Черная Н.В., Карпова С.В., Мисюров О.А., Гордейко С.А., Чернышева Т.В., Дашкевич С.А. Свойства мелованных видов бумаги и картона в зависимости от вида и содержания связующих веществ в нанесенном покрытии // Тр. БГТУ. Сер. 2. 2020. № 1. С. 160–172. Chernaya N.V., Karpova S.V., Misyurov O.A., Gordeyko S.A., Chernysheva T.V., Dashkevich S.A. Properties of Coated Paper and Cardboard Depending on the Type and Content of Binders in the Coating. Proceedings of BSTU. Series 2, 2020, no. 1, pp. 160–172. (In Russ.).
Черная Н.В., Шашок Ж.С., Усс Е.П., Дашкевич С.А., Мисюров О.А. Повышение эффективности проклейки волокнистых суспензий в нейтральной и слабощелочной средах (обзор) // Тр. БГТУ. Сер. 2. Химич. технологии, биотехнологии, геоэкология. 2023. № 1(265). С. 36–54. Chernaya N.V., Shashok Zh.S., Uss E.P., Dashkevich S.A., Misyurov O.A. Improving the Efficiency of Sizing of Fibrous Suspensions in Neutral and Weak Alkaline Media (Review). Proceedings of BSTU. Ser. 2, Chemical technologies, biotechnology, geoecology, 2023, no. 1(265), pp. 36–54. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.52065/2520-2669-2023-265-1-5
Чернова В.В., Котяшов М.С., Лаздин Р.Ю., Кулиш Е.И. Изучение реологических свойств растворов натриевой соли карбоксиметилцеллюлозы // Изв. Сарат. ун-та. Нов. сер. Сер.: Химия. Биология. Экология. 2020. Т. 20, вып. 2. С. 163–169. Chernova V.V., Kotyashov М.S., Lazdin R.Yu., Kulish E.I. Study of Rheological Properties of Sodium Salt Solutions of Carboxymethyl Cellulose. Izvestiya of Saratov University. Chemistry. Biology. Ecology, 2020, vol. 20, iss. 2, pp. 163–169. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2020-20-2-163-169
Шачнева Е.Ю., Магомедова З.А., Малачиева Х.З. Изучение физико-химических свойств частиц карбоксиметилцеллюлозы (КМЦ) в водных растворах // Техника и технология пищевых производств. 2014. № 1. С. 152–156. Shachneva E.Yu., Magomedova Z.A., Malachieva Kh.Z. Study of Physico-Chemical Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose in Aqueous Solutions. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology, 2014, no. 1, pp. 152–156. (In Russ.).
Abe T.O., Lajide L., Owolabi B.J., Adebayo A.O., Ogunjobi J.K., Oluwasina O.O. Synthesis and Application of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Gliricidia sepium and Cola gigantea. BioResources, 2018, vol. 13(3), pp. 6077–6097. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.3.6077-6097
Ambjörnsson H.A., Schenzel K., Germgård U. Carboxymethyl Cellulose Produced at Different Mercerization Conditions and Characterized by NIR FT Raman Spectroscopy in Combination with Multivariate Analytical Methods. BioResources, 2013, vol. 8(2), pp. 1918–1932. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.2.1918-1932
Hivechi A., Bahrami S.H., Arami M., Karimi A. Ultrasonic Mediated Production of Carboxymethyl Cellulose: Optimization of Conditions Using Response Surface Methodology. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2015, vol. 134, pp. 278–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.045
Hubbe M.A., Gill R.A. Fillers for Papermaking: A Review of Their Properties, Usage Practices, and Their Mechanistic Role. BioResources, 2016, vol. 11(1), pp. 2886–2963. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.1.Hubbe
Huhtamäki T., Tian X., Korhonen J.T., Ras R.H.A. Publisher Correction: Surface-Wetting Characterization Using Contact-Angle Measurements. Nature Protocols, 2018, vol. 14, art. 2259. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-018-0047-0
Kono H., Oshima K., Hashimoto H., Shimizu Y., Tajima K. NMR Characterization of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose: Substituent Distribution and Mole Fraction of Monomers in the Polymer Chains. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2016, vol. 146, pp. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.021
Lee J., Park S., Roh H.-G., Oh S., Kim S., Kim M., et al. Preparation and Characterization of Superabsorbent Polymers Based on Starch Aldehydes and Carboxymethyl Cellulose. Polymers, 2018, vol. 10(6), art. 605. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10060605
Mohkami M., Talaeipour M. Investigation of the Chemical Structure of Carboxylated and Carboxymethylated Fibers from Waste Paper via XRD and FTIR Analysis. BioResources, 2011, vol. 6(2), pp. 1988–2003. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.2.1988-2003
Panchan N., Wattanapan P., Sungsinchai S., Roddecha S., Dittanet P., Seubsai A., et al. Optimization of Synthesis Conditions for Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Pineapple Leaf Waste Using Microwave-Assisted Heating and Its Application as a Food Thickener. BioResources, 2021, vol. 16(4), pp. 7684–7701. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.7684-7701
Rahman M.S., Hasan M.S., Nitai A.S., Nam S., Karmakar A.K., Ahsan M.S., et al. Recent Development of Carboxymethyl Cellulose. Polymers, 2021, vol. 13, iss. 8, art. 1345. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081345
Su L., Ou Y., Feng X., Lin M., Li J., Liu D., et al. Integrated Production of Cellulose Nanofibers and Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose Through Controllable Eco-Carboxymethylation Under Mild Conditions. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2019, vol. 7, iss. 4, pp. 3792–3800. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04492
Wei J., Zhou Y., Lv Y., Wang J., Jia C., Liu J., et al. Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanofibrils with a Treelike Matrix: Preparation and Behavior of Pickering Emulsions Stabilization. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2019, vol. 7, iss. 15, pp. 12887–12896. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b01822
Yu P., Hou Y., Zhang H., Zhang W., Yang S., Ni Y. Characterization and Solubility Effects of the Distribution of Carboxymethyl Substituents Along the Carboxymethyl Cellulose Molecular Chain. BioResources, 2019, vol. 14(4), pp. 8923–8934. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.8923-8934
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Gorazdova V.V., Kulebyakina A.A., Dernova E.V., Dulkin D.A.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
