Формирование морозоустойчивости у хвойных растений на ювенильной фазе развития
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2026-5-9-30Ключевые слова:
хвойные, сеянцы, рост сеянцев, морозоустойчивость, формирование морозоустойчивости, повреждение от замерзания, длительность фотопериода, холодовое закаливание, лесной питомник, лесовосстановлениеАннотация
Для успешного лесовосстановления и повышения продуктивности хвойных лесов в условиях северных широт необходим качественный посадочный материал с высокой устойчивостью к низким температурам. Понимание процессов адаптации к низким температурам у сеянцев хвойных пород важно как для развития теоретических аспектов данного направления, так и для практических целей повышения морозоустойчивости выращиваемого в лесных питомниках посадочного материала. Исследование было направлено на выполнение обзора литературы, касающейся формирования морозоустойчивости у сеянцев хвойных пород, факторов, влияющих на их морозоустойчивость, и способов ее повышения. Представлены сведения о развитии морозоустойчивости у сеянцев хвойных по фазам развития. Ключевыми факторами, определяющими морозоустойчивость сеянцев хвойных, являются температура, качество и количество света, продолжительность фотопериода. Сеянцы могут оказаться более уязвимыми к повреждениям от заморозков из-за резких колебаний температуры. Свет в красном и дальнем красном спектрах влияет на морозоустойчивость хвойных пород. Каротиноиды, предположительно, являются в хвое элементами термогенеза, способствующими более активному переносу энергии квантов света в энергию тепла, что дает возможность хвойным завершить процессы закаливания и достичь физиологического состояния морозоустойчивости. Контролируя продолжительность фотопериода, сеянцы хвойных можно поддерживать в состоянии роста или побуждать к прекращению удлинения побегов, формированию терминальных почек и морозоустойчивости. Дефицит влаги, использование удобрений как положительно, так и отрицательно сказываются на морозоустойчивости сеянцев в зависимости от фазы развития и условий выращивания. Ткани сеянцев с дефицитом элементов питания характеризуются пониженной морозоустойчивостью по сравнению с тканями без дефицита, однако критически низкой концентрации элементов питания в литературе не представлено. К агротехническим приемам повышения морозоустойчивости сеянцев относятся использование удобрений, регуляторов роста, режимов выращивания, защитных материалов, подрезки корней, орошения морозом и др.
Финансирование: Исследование выполнено за счет гранта РНФ № 23-26-00192, https://rscf.ru/project/23-26-00192/, а также за счет финансирования по теме госзадания Института леса КарНЦ РАН.
Для цитирования: Чернобровкина Н.П., Копосова Е.А., Нелаева К.Г., Робонен Е.В. Формирование морозоустойчивости у хвойных растений на ювенильной фазе развития // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2026. № 5. С. 9–30. https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2026-5-9-30
Скачивания
Библиографические ссылки
Асахина Е.А. Процессы замерзания и повреждения растительных клеток. Холодостойкость растений / пер с англ. под ред. Г.А. Самыгина. М.: Колос, 1983. С. 23–35.
Asakhina E.A. Freezing and Damage of Plant Cells. Plant Cold Hardiness and Freezing Machanisms and Crop Implications. Transl. from Eng. Ed. by G.A. Samygin. Moscow, Kolos Publ., 1983, pp. 23–35. (In Russ.).
Бобринев В.П., Пак Л.Н., Банщикова Е.А. Агротехника выращивания сеянцев ели сибирской в Забайкальском крае // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2017. № 3. С. 70–77.
Bobrinev V.P., Pak L.N., Banshchikova E.A. Agricultural Technology of Cultivation of Siberian Spruce Seedlings in the Trans-Baikal Territory. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2017, no. 3, pp. 70–77. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17238/issn0536-1036.2017.3.70
Бобушкина С.В. Приемы повышения эффективности производства посадочного материала хвойных пород с закрытой корневой системой в Архангельской области // Вестн. МГУЛ – Лесн. вестн. 2021. Т. 25, № 6. С. 45–54.
Bobushkina S.V. Efficiency Production Methods of Conifers Ball-Rooted Planting Stock in Arkhangelsk Region. Lesnoy vestnik = Forestry Bulletin, 2021, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 45–54. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2021-6-45-54
Богданова О.Н. Анализ роли стимуляторов роста в лесном хозяйстве // Инновационные идеи молодых исследователей для агропромышленного комплекса: сб. материалов Междунар. науч.-практ. конф. Т. I. Пенза: Пензенский гос. аграрн. ун-т, 2022. С. 111–114.
Bogdanova O.N. Analysis of the Role of Growth Stimulators in Forestry. Innovative Ideas of Young Researchers for the Agroindustrial Complex: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Vol. I. Penza, PSAU Publ., 2022, pp. 111–114. (In Russ.).
Бухов Н.Г. Динамическая световая регуляция фотосинтеза // Физиология растений. 2004. Т. 51, № 6. С. 825–837.
Bukhov N.G. Dynamic Light Regulation of Photosynthesis (A Review). Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 2004, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 742–753. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:RUPP.0000047822.66925.bf
Демина Н.А., Васильева Н.Н., Дуркина Т.М., Файзулин Д.Х. Влияние стимуляторов на рост и развитие сеянцев ели с закрытой корневой системой // Journal of Agriculture and Environment. 2024. № 11(51). Ст. № 13. Режим доступа: https://jae.cifra.science/archive/11-51-2024-november/10.60797/JAE.2024.51.19 (дата обращения: 29.06.26).
Demina N.A., Vasiljeva N.N., Durkina T.M., Faizulin D.K. Influence of Stimulants on Growth and Development of Spruce Seedlings with Root-Balled Tree System. Journal of Agriculture and Environment, 2024, no. 11(51), art. 13. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.60797/JAE.2024.51.19
Колесниченко А.В., Войников В.К. Белки низкотемпературного стресса растений. Иркутск: Арт-Пресс, 2003. 196 с.
Kolesnichenko A.V., Voynikov V.K. Plant Low-Temperature Stress Proteins. Irkutsk, Art-Press Publ., 2003. 196 p. (In Russ.).
Маслова Т.Г., Попова И.А., Корнюшенко Г.А., Королева О.Я. Развитие представлений о функциях виолаксантинового цикла в фотосинтезе // Физиология растений. 1996. Т. 43, № 3. С. 437– 449.
Maslova T.G., Popova I.A., Kornyushenko G.A., Koroleva O.Ya. The Development of Ideas about the Violaxanthin Cycle Functions in Photosynthesis. Fiziologiya rastenij = Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1996, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 437–449. (In Russ.).
Софронова В.Е., Чепалов В.А. Адаптивные изменения состава фотосинтетических пигментов хвои Pinus sylvestris L. при понижении температуры // Наука и образование. 2007. № 2. С. 34–39.
Sofronova V.E., Chepalov V.A. Adaptive Changes in the Composition of Photosynthetic Pigments of Pinus sylvestris L. Needles with Decreasing Temperature. Nauka i obrazovanie = The Education and Science Journal, 2007, no. 2, pp. 34–39. (In Russ.).
Тарханов С.Н., Пинаевская Е.А., Аганина Ю.Е., Пахов А.С. Изменчивость биохимических признаков Pinus sylvestris (Pinaceae) при адаптации форм в условиях избыточного увлажнения // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2023. № 4. С. 58–75.
Tarkhanov S.N., Pinaevskaya E.A., Aganina Yu.E., Pakhov A.S. Variability of Biochemical Properties during Adaptation of Pinus sylvestris (Pinaceae) Forms to Excessive Moisture Conditions. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 4, pp. 58–75. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-4-58-75
Aitken S., Hannerz M. Genecology and Gene Resource Management Strategies for Conifer Cold Hardiness. Conifer Cold Hardiness. Ed. by F.J. Bigras, S.J. Colombo. Springer, Dordrecht, 2001, pp. 23–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9650-3_2
Alden J., Hermann R.K. Aspects of the Cold-Hardiness Mechanisms in Plants. The Botanical Review, 1971, vol. 37, pp. 37–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860300
Aldhous J.P., Atterson J., Low A.J., Brown R.M. Nursery Investigations. Report on Forest Research. London, 1968, pp. 28–36.
Allison C.J. Freeze-Damage Control in Forest Nurseries. Proceedings of the International Plant Propagator’s Society, 1972, vol. 22, pp. 77–82.
Aquil S., Ahmad S.H., Reshi Z.A., Mahmooduzzafar N., Iqbal M. Physiological and Biochemical Response of Albizia lebbeck Benth. to Coal Smoke Pollution. Pollution Research, 2003, vol. 22(4), pp. 489–493.
Armson K.A. The Growth and Absorption of Nutrients by Fertilized and Unfertilized White Spruce Seedlings. The Forestry Chronicle, 1966, vol. 42(2), pp. 127–136. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc42127-2
Armson K.A., Sadreika V. Forest Tree Nursery Soil Management and Related Practices. Toronto, Canada, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 1974. 177 p.
Arnott J.T. Regulation of White Spruce, Engelmann Spruce and Mountain Hemlock Seedling Growth by Controlling Photoperiod. Forestry Supplement, 1989, vol. 62, pp. 157–168.
Atterson J. Slow-Acting Inorganic Fertilizers. Report on Forest Research. London, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1966, pp. 21–23.
Barnes A.D., Kelley W.D. Effects of a Triazole, Uniconazol, on Shoot Elongation and Root Growth in Loblolly Pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1992, vol. 22(1), pp. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1139/x92-001
Baule H., Fricker C. The Fertilizer Treatment of Forest Trees. Transl. by C.L. Whittles. München, BLV Verlagsgessellschaft mbH, 1970. 259 p.
Beck E.H., Fettig S., Knake C., Hartig K., Bhattarai T. Specific and Unspecific Responses of Plants to Cold and Drought Stress. Journal of Biosciences, 2007, vol. 32, pp. 501–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-007-0049-5
Benzian B. Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium Concentrations in Conifer Seedlings on Frost Damage. Rothamsted Experimental Station Report for 1965. 1966, pp. 58–59.
Bigras F.J., D’Aoust A.L. Influence of Photoperiod on Shoot and Root Frost Tolerance and Bud Phenology of White Spruce Seedlings (Piceaglauca). Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1993, vol. 23(2), pp. 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1139/x93-029
Bigras F.J., Gonzales A., D’Aoust A.L., Hébert C. Frost Hardiness, Bud Phenology and Growth of Containerized Picea mariana Seedlings Grown at Three Nitrogen Levels and Three Temperature Regimes. New Forests, 1996, vol. 12, pp. 243–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027934
Bigras F.J., Margolis H.A. Shoot and Root Sensitivity of Containerized Black Spruce, White Spruce and Jack Pine Seedlings to Late Fall Freezing. New Forests, 1997, vol. 13, pp. 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006509619164
Calmé S., Margolis H.A., Bigras F.J. Influence of Cultural Practices on the Relationship between Frost Tolerance and Water Content of Containerized Black Spruce, White Spruce, and Jack Pine Seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1993, vol. 23(3), pp. 503–511. https://doi.org/10.1139/x93-068
Cannell M.G.R., Sheppard L.J. Seasonal Changes in the Frost Hardiness of Provenances of Picea sitchensis in Scotland. Forestry, 1982, vol. 55, iss. 2, pp. 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/55.2.137
Cannell M.G.R., Smith R.I. Spring Frost Damage on Young Picea sitchensis 2. Predicted Dates of Budburst and Probability of Frost Damage. Forestry, 1984, vol. 57, iss. 2, pp. 177–197. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/57.2.177
Chang C.Y.-Y., Bräutigam K., Hüner N.P.A., Ensminger I. Champions of Winter Survival: Cold Acclimation and Molecular Regulation of Cold Hardiness in Evergreen Conifers. New Phytologist, 2020, vol. 229, iss. 2, pp. 675–691. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16904
Christersson L. The Effect of Inorganic Nutrients on Water Economy and Hardiness of Conifers. I. The Effect of Varying Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium Levels on Water Content, Transpiration Rate, and the Initial Phase of Development of Frost Hardiness of Pinus sylvestris L. Seedlings. Studia Forestalia Suecica, 1973, no. 103. 26 p.
Christersson L. Frost-Hardiness Development in Pinus sylvestris L. Seedlings at Different Levels of Potassium and Calcium Fertilization. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1975, vol. 5(4), pp. 738–740. https://doi.org/10.1139/x75-101
Colombo S.J. Frost Hardening Spruce Container Stock for Overwintering in Ontario. New Forests, 1996, vol. 13, pp. 449–467. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006571300025
Colombo S.J., Glerum C. Winter Injury to Shoots as It Affects Root Activity in Black Spruce Containers Seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1984, vol. 14(1), pp. 31–32. https://doi.org/10.1139/x84-006
Colombo S.J., Menzies M.I., O’Reilly C. Influence of Nursery Cultural Practices on Cold Hardiness of Coniferous Forest Tree Seedlings. Conifer Cold Hardiness. Ed. By F.J. Bigras, S.J. Colombo. Dordrecht, Springer, 2001, pp. 223–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9650-3_9
Colombo S.J., Sampson P.H., Templeton C.W.G., McDonough T.C., Menes P.A., DeYoe D., et al. Assessment of Nursery Stock Quality in Ontario. Regenerating the Canadian Forest: Principles and Practices for Ontario. Ed. by R.G. Wagner, S.J. Colombo. Canada, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 2001, pp. 307–324.
Costae e Silva F., Shvaleva A., Broetto F., Ortuño M.F., Rodrigues M.L., Almeida M.H., et al. Acclimation to Short-Term Low Temperatures in Two Eucalyptus globulus Clones with Contrasting Drought Resistance. Tree Physiology, 2009, vol. 29, iss. 1, pp. 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpn002
D’Aoust A.L., Cameron S.I. The Effect of Dormancy Induction, Low Temperatures and Moisture Stress on Cold Hardening of Containerized Black Spruce Seedlings. Proceedings of the Canadian Containerized Tree Seedling Symposium. Ed. by J.B. Scarratt, C. Glerum, C.A. Plexman. Ontario, Canada, 1982, pp. 153–161.
DeHayes D.H., Ingle M.A., Waite C.E. Nitrogen Fertilization Enhances Fold Tolerance of Red Spruce Seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1989, vol. 19(8), pp. 1037–1043. https://doi.org/10.1139/x89-158
DeYoe D.R., McDonald J., Owens J. Culturing Strategies that Improve Bud Development and Cold Hardiness of Douglas-Fir Seedlings. Woody Plant Growth in a Changing Chemical and Physical Environment: Proceedings of the IUFRO Working party on Shoot Growth Physiology. Ed. by D.P. Lavender. Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1987, p. 311.
Domisch T., Finér L., Lehto T. Effects of Soil Temperature on Biomass and Carbohydrate Allocation in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) Seedlings at the Beginning of the Growing Season. Tree Physiology, 2001, vol. 21, iss. 7, pp. 465–472. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/21.7.465
Domisch T., Finér L., Lehto T. Growth, Carbohydrate and Nutrient Allocation of Scots Pine Seedlings after Exposure to Simulated Low Soil Temperature in Spring. Plant and Soil, 2002, vol. 246, pp. 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021527716616
Domisch T., Martz F., Repo T., Rautio P. Winter Survival of Scots Pine Seedlings under Different Snow Conditions. Tree Physiology, 2018, vol. 38, iss. 4, pp. 602–616. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpx111
Dormling I. The Role of Photoperiod and Temperature in the Induction and the Release of Dormancy in Pinus sylvestris L. Seedlings. Annals of Forest Science, 1989, vol. 46, no. Supplement, pp. 228s–232s. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19890554
Duryea M.L., Lavender D.P. Water Relations, Growth and Survival of Root-Wrenched Douglas-Fir Seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 12(3), pp. 545–555. https://doi.org/10.1139/x82-085
Ensminger I., Busch F., Hüner N.P.A. Photostasis and Cold Acclimation: Sensing Low Temperature through Photosynthesis. Physiologia Plantarum, 1982, vol. 126, iss. 1, pp. 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00627.x
Gerber F. Methods of Cold and Frost Protection (U.S.A.). Techniques of Frost Predication and Methods of Frost and Cold Protection. Technical Note No. 157. Ed. By A. Bagdonas, G.C. Georg, J.F. Gerber. Geneva, World Meteorological Organization, 1978, Part II (a), pp. 47–84.
Glerum C. Annual Trends in Frost Hardiness and Electrical Impedance for Seven Coniferous Species. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 1973, vol. 53(4), pp. 881–889. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps73-170
Grossnickle S.C. Why Seedlings Survive: Influence of Plant Attributes. New Forests, 2012, vol. 43, pp. 711–738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9336-6
Grossnickle S.C., Folk R.S. Abscisic Acid Analogs Reduce Planting Stress in Newly Planted Seedlings. National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-257, 1994, pp. 214–222.
Hallett R.D. Contrasting Approaches to Containerized Seedling Production. 3. The Maritime Provinces. Proceedings of the Canadian Containerized Tree Seedling Symposium. Ed. by J.B. Scarratt, C. Glerum, C.A. Plexman. Toronto, Canada, 1982, pp. 134–138.
Hannertz M. Damages to Norway Spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) Seedlings Caused by a Late Spring Frost. Uppsala, Sweden, Forestry Research Institute of Sweden, 1994, SkogForsk Report no. 5.
Hansen J.M., Eriksen E.N. The Effect of Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density on Development of Frost Hardiness in Top and Roots of Larix leptolepis Seedlings. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 1993, vol. 8, iss. 1-4, pp. 204–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827589309382770
Hawkins B.J., Davradou M., Pier D., Shortt R. Frost Hardiness and Winter Photosynthesis of Thuja plicata and Pseudotsuga menziesii Seedlings Grown at Three Rates of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Supply. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1995, vol. 25(1), pp. 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1139/x95-003
Hänninen H. Boreal and Temperate Trees in a Changing Climate. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Springer, 2016. 342 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7549-6
Heide O.M. Growth and Dormancy in Norway Spruce Ecotypes (Picea abies). I. Interaction of Photoperiod and Temperature. Physiologia Plantarum, 1974, vol. 30, iss. 1, pp. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1974.tb04983.x
Huner N.P.A., Öquist G., Sarhan F. Energy Balance and Acclimation to Light and Cold. Trends in Plant Science, 1998, vol. 3, iss. 6, pp. 224–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(98)01248-5
Ishikawa M., Robertson A.J., Gusta L.V. Comparison of Viability Tests for Assessing Cross-Adaptation to Freezing, Heat and Salt Stresses Induced by Abscisic Acid in Bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) Suspension Cultured Cells. Plant Science, 1995, vol. 107, pp. 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(95)04100-9
Kalcsits L., Silim S., Tanino K. The Influence of Temperature on Dormancy Induction and Plant Survival in Woody Plants. Plant Cold Hardiness: From the Laboratory to the Field. Ed. by L.V. Gusta, M.E. Wisniewski, K.K. Tanino. 2009, pp. 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845935139.0108
Koski V., Sievänen R. Timing of Growth Cessation in Relation to the Variations in the Growing Season. Crop Physiology of Forest Trees. Ed. by P.M.A. Tigerstedt, P. Puttonen, V. Koski. Helsinki, Helsinki University Press, 1985, pp. 167–193.
Landis T.D., Tinus R.W., McDonald S.E., Barnett J.P. Atmospheric Environment. Vol. 3. The Container Tree Nursery Manual. Agriculture Handbook 674. Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1992. 145 p.
Lavender D.P. Plant Physiology and Nursery Environment: Interactions Affecting Seedling Growth. Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bare-Root Seedlings. Ed. by M.L. Duryea, T.D. Landis, C.R. Perry. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Springer, 1984, pp. 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6110-4_14
Levitt J. Chilling, Freezing, and High Temperature Stresses. Vol. I. Responses of Plants to Environmental Stress: Water, Radiation, Salt and Other Stresses. New York, Academic Press, 1980. 365 p.
Lindström A. Freezing Temperatures in the Root Zone – Effects on Growth of Containerized Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies Seedlings. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 1986, vol. 1, iss. 1-4, pp. 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827588609382429
Lindström A. Winter Storage and Root Hardiness of Containerized Seedlings. Doctoral Thesis. Garpenberg, Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 1987. 38 p.
Lindström A., Mattsson A. Equipment for Freezing Roots and Its Use to Test Cold Resistance of Young and Mature Roots of Picea abies Seedlings. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 1989, vol. 4, iss. 1-4, pp. 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827588909382546
Lindström A., Stattin E., Gräns D., Wallin E. Storability Measures of Norway Spruce and Scots Pine Seedlings and Assessment of Post-Storage Vitality by Measuring Shoot Electrolyte Leakage. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2014, vol. 29, iss. 8, pp. 717–724. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2014.977340
Margolis H.A., Waring R.H. Carbon and Nitrogen Allocation Patterns of Douglas-Fir Seedlings Fertilized with Nitrogen in Autumn. II. Field Performance. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1986, vol. 16(5), pp. 903–909. https://doi.org/10.1139/x86-161
McCreary D.D., Tanaka Y., Lavender D.P. Regulation of Douglas-Fir Seedling Growth and Hardiness by Controlling Photoperiod. Forest Science, 1978, vol. 24, iss. 2, pp. 142–152. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/24.2.142
McKay H.M., Mason W.L. Physiological Indicators of Tolerance to Cold Storage in Sitka Spruce and Douglas-Fir Seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1991, vol. 21(6), pp. 890–901. https://doi.org/10.1139/x91-124
Menzies M.I., Holden D.G., Green L.M., Rook D.A. Seasonal Changes in Frost Tolerance of Pinus radiata Seedlings Raised in Different Nurseries. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 1981, vol. 11(2), pp. 100–111.
Morgenstern E.K. Range-Wide Genetic Variation of Black Spruce: Reply. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1979, vol. 9(4), pp. 548–548. https://doi.org/10.1139/x79-096
Muilu-Mäkelä R., Vuosku J., Saarinen M., Hamberg L., Ruotsalainen S., Häggman H., et al. Coping with Spring Frost-Effects on Polyamine Metabolism of Scots Pine Seedlings. iForest – Biogeosciences and Forestry, 2017, vol. 10, iss. 1, pp. 227–236. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor2003-009
O’Reilly C., Keane M. Root Wrenching May Influence Dormancy Development of Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) Seedlings in the Nursery. Irish Forestry, 1996, vol. 53, pp. 45–54.
Ottander C., Campbell D., Öquist G. Seasonal Changes in Photosystem II Organization and Pigment Composition in Pinus sylvestris. Planta, 1995, vol. 197, pp. 176–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00239954
Öquist G., Huner N.P.A. Photosynthesis of Overwintering Evergreen Plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2003, vol. 54, pp. 329–355. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.072402.115741
Pellett H. Comparison of Cold Hardiness Levels of Root and Stem Tissue. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 1971, vol. 51(3), pp. 193–195. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps71-039
Pellett N.E., White D.B. Effect of Soil Nitrogen and Soil Moisture Levels on the Cold Acclimation of Container Grown Juniperus chinensis ‘Hetzi’. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1969, vol. 94, iss. 5, pp. 457–459. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.94.5.457
Radville L., Bauerle T.L., Comas L.H., Marchetto K.A., Lakso A.N., Smart D.R. et al. Limited Linkages of Aboveground and Belowground Phenology: A Study in Grape. American Journal of Botany, 2016, vol. 103, iss. 11, pp. 1897–1911. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1600212
Radville L., McCormack L.M., Post E., Eissenstat D.M. Root Phenology in a Changing Climate. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2016, vol. 67, iss. 12, pp. 3617–3628. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw062
Robonen E.V., Chernobrovkina N.P., Raevsky B.V., Zaitseva M.I., Nelaeva K.G. Double-Cropping of Pinus sylvestris L. Containerized Seedlings under Short Growing Season Conditions at High Latitudes. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2024, no. 6, pp. 50–65. https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2024-6-50-65
Rook A. Disorders of the Hair. Practitioner, 1973, vol. 211(265), pp. 593–599.
Rook D.A., Menzies M.I., Robotham R.W. Artificial Frosting Studies of Radiata Pine Planting Stock. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 1974, vol. 19, pp. 295–300.
Ryyppö A., Repo T., Vapaavuori E. Development of Freezing Tolerance in Roots and Shoots of Scots Pine Seedlings at Nonfreezing Temperatures. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1998, vol. 28(4), pp. 557–565. https://doi.org/10.1139/x98-022
Salisbury F.B., Ross C.W. Plant Physiology. Belmont, California, Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1985. 540 p.
Scheer H. The Pigments. Light-Harvesting Antennas in Photosynthesis. Ed. by B.R. Green, W.W. Parson. Dordrecht, Springer, 2003, pp. 29–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2087-8_2
Smith R.F., Hallett R.D. Inducing Dormancy in Black Spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) Seedlings with Paclobutrazol. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Plant Growth Regulators Society of America. Costa Mesa, California, 1999, pp. 147–151.
Soikkeli S., Kärenlampi L. The Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Ultrastructure of Mesophyll Cells of Conifer Needles in Northern Finland. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 1984, vol. 14, iss. 3, pp. 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1984.tb00937.x
Søgaard G., Granhus A., Johnsen Ø. Effect of Frost Nights and Day and Night Temperature during Dormancy Induction on Frost Hardiness, Tolerance to Cold Storage and Bud Burst in Seedlings of Norway Spruce. Trees, 2009, vol. 23, pp. 1295–1307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-009-0371-7
Stathers R.J. Summer Frost in Young Forest Plantations. FRDA Report 073. Victoria, BC, Canada, Ministry of Forests, 1989. 24 p.
Stattin E. Root Freezing Tolerance and Storability of Scots Pine and Norway Spruce Seedlings. Doctoral Thesis. Uppsala, Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 1999. 31 p.
Stone E.L. Microelement Nutrition of Forest Trees: A Review. Forest Fertilisation: Theory and Practice. Muscle Shoals, Al, Tennessee Valley Authority, 1968, pp. 132–175.
Sutinen M.-L., Mäkitalo K., Sutinen R. Freezing Dehydration Damages Roots of Containerized Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) Seedlings Overwintering under Subarctic Conditions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1996, vol. 26(9), pp. 1602–1609. https://doi.org/10.1139/x26-180
Sutinen S., Partanen J., Viherä-Aarnio A., Häkkinen R. Development and Growth of Primordial Shoots in Norway Spruce Buds before Visible Bud Burst in Relation to Time and Temperature in the Field. Tree Physiology, 2012, vol. 32, iss. 8, pp. 987–997. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tps063
Tanaka Y., Timmis R. Effect of Container Density on Growth and Cold Hardiness of Douglas-Fir Seedlings. Proceedings of the North American Containerized Forest Tree Seedling Symposium. Denver, Colorado, Great Plains Agricultural Council, 1974, pp. 181–186.
Timmis R. Effect of Nutrient Stress on Growth, Bud Set, and Hardiness in Douglas-Fir Seedlings. Proceedings of the North American Containerized Forest Tree Seedling Symposium. Denver, Colorado, Great Plains Agricultural Council, 1974, no. 68, pp. 187–193.
Timmis R., Worrall J. Environmental Control of Cold Acclimation in Douglas-Fir during Germination, Active Growth, and Rest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1975, vol. 5(3), pp. 464–477. https://doi.org/10.1139/x75-064
Tranquillini W. Frost-Drought and Its Ecological Significance. Physiological Plant Ecology II. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, Vol. 12/B. Ed. by O.L. Lange, P.S. Nobel, C.B. Osmond, H. Ziegler. Berlin, Springer, 1982, pp. 379–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68150-9_12
Van den Driessche R. Paclobutrazol and Triadimefon Effects on Conifer Seedling Growth and Water Relations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1990, vol. 20(6), pp. 722–729. https://doi.org/10.1139/x90-095
Van Eerden E. Growing Season Production of Western Conifers. Proceedings of the North American Containerized Forest Tree Symposium. Ed. by R.W. Timus, W.I. Stein, W.E. Balmer. Denver, Colorado Great Plains Agricultural Council, 1974, no. 68, pp. 93–103.
Viherä-Aarnio A., Sutinen S., Partanen J., Häkkinen R. Internal Development of Vegetative Buds of Norway Spruce Trees in Relation to Accumulated Chilling and Forcing Temperatures. Tree Physiology, 2014, vol. 34, iss. 5, pp. 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpu038
Vogg G., Heim R., Hansen J., Schäefer C., Beck E. Frost Hardening and Photosynthetic Performance of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Needles. I. Seasonal Changes in the Photosynthetic Apparatus and Its Function. Planta, 1998, vol. 204, pp. 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004250050246
Weiser C.J. Cold Resistance and Injury in Woody Plants. Science, 1970, vol. 169, iss. 3952, pp. 1269–1278. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3952.1269
Williams J.T., Farias R.M. Utilisation and Taxonomy of the Desert Grass Panicum turgidum. Economic Botany, 1972, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862257
Загрузки
Опубликован
Как цитировать
Выпуск
Раздел
Лицензия
Copyright (c) 2026 Чернобровкина Н.П., Копосова Е.А., Нелаева К.Г., Робонен Е.В.
Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution» («Атрибуция») 4.0 Всемирная.
