Plant Viability in an Urbanized Environment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2024-6-106-120Keywords:
landscaping, public use plantations, population, viability, variability, stability, vitality structure, urbanized environment, urboecosystems, Khabarovsk, the Far Eastern Federal DistrictAbstract
The aim of the study has been to analyze the vitality of woody plants in an urbanized environment to solve the problems of landscaping a large city (using the example of Khabarovsk). The methods of geobotanical, forest inventory, floristic, population analysis and morphometric approach have been used. The formation of plantations in Khabarovsk has gone from a garden-homestead type with a few public gardens and squares to public landscaped spaces. The total area of green spaces is 17,127.9 ha, with the prospect of increasing the landscaping of public use areas by 1435.9 ha by 2030. The use of a limited range of trees species in the past has led to the formation of a modern poplar-elm appearance of the city’s plantations. Mass plantings of poplars and elms in the 1950s and 1960s have created the problem of urgent demolition of old-growth plantations in large volumes at present. There is a reduction in green areas in parks, insufficient care and, as a result, a decrease in the vitality of plants. The composition of the dendroflora of Khabarovsk includes 59 species of trees and 58 species of shrubs and lianas, which is close to the natural biodiversity indicator. The relative vitality of tree plantations has varied at different urban areas from 69 % (weakened forest stand) to 94 % (healthy forest stand). On average, the proportion of healthy trees in the city is 57.6 %, of the tress in satisfactory condition – 34.5 %, in unsatisfactory – 7.9 %. The use of population-based research methods in solving landscaping problems will make it possible to select deciduous and coniferous species adapted to the stresses of urbanization and create environmentally sustainable, aesthetically attractive and economically more profitable plantations. A high diversity of woody plants is observed in parks (89 species) and on boulevards (77 species), a low one – in city squares (9 species) and main thoroughfares in the city (27 species). Landscaping of the motor transport infrastructure is represented by 55 types. The field of the results application: municipal management, as well as planning and development of urban areas.
Downloads
References
Алексеев В.А. Диагностика жизненного состояния деревьев и древостоев // Лесоведение. 1989. № 4. С. 51–57. Alekseev V.A. Diagnostics of the Vitality of Trees and Stands. Lesovedenie = Russian Journal of Forest Science, 1989, no. 4, pp. 51–57. (In Russ.).
Ассортимент древесных и кустарниковых растений для зеленого строительства и создания лесных культур в зеленых зонах Хабаровского края: практ. рекомендации / сост. В.М. Тагильцева, А.М. Кормилицына. Хабаровск: ДальНИИЛХ, 1987. 32 с. Assortment of Woody and Shrubby Plants for Green Construction and Creation of Forest Crops in the Green Areas of the Khabarovsk Territory: Practical Recommendations. Comp. by V.M. Tagil’tseva, A.M. Kormilitsyna. Khabarovsk, 1987. 32 p. (In Russ.).
Бухарина И.Л., Двоеглазова А.А. Биоэкологические особенности травянистых и древесных растений в городских насаждениях: моногр. Ижевск: Удмурт. ун-т, 2010. 184 с. Bukharina I.L., Dvoeglazova A.A. Bioecological Features of Herbaceous and Woody Plants in Urban Plantations. Izhevsk, Udmurt State University Publ., 2010. 184 p. (In Russ.).
Ганенко И.Г. Зеленое строительство Дальневосточного края // Зелен. стр-во. 1939. № 9–10. C. 34–39. Ganenko I.G. Green Construction of the Far Eastern Territory. Zelenoe stroitel’stvo, 1939, no. 9–10, pp. 34–39. (In Russ.).
Действующий генеральный план города Хабаровска. Режим доступа: https://khv27.ru/administration/structural-units/dasiz/gradostroitelstvo/generalnyy-plangoroda-khabarovska/deystvuyushchiy-generalnyy-plan-goroda-khabarovska/?ysclid=m2a5ifjl16126943852 (дата обращения: 12.02.22). The Сurrent Master Plan of the City of Khabarovsk. (In Russ.).
Душкова Д.О., Кириллов С.Н. Зеленая инфраструктура города: опыт Германии // Вестн. Волгогр. гос. ун-та. Сер. 3: Экономика. Экология. 2016. № 2(35). С. 136–147. Dushkova D.O., Kirillov S.N. Urban Green Infrastructure: German Experience. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 3: Ekonomika = Journal of Volgograd State University. Series 3: Economics, 2016, no. 2(35), pp. 136–147. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu3.2016.2.14
Злобин Ю.А. Популяционная экология растений: современное состояние, точки роста: моногр. Сумы: Унив. кн., 2009. 263 с. Zlobin Yu.A. Population Ecology of Plants: Current State, Growth Points. Sumy, Universitetskaya kniga Publ., 2009. 263 p. (In Russ.).
Злобин Ю.А., Скляр В.Г., Клименко А.А. Популяции редких видов растений: теоретические основы и методика изучения: моногр. Сумы: Унив. кн., 2013. 439 с. Zlobin Yu.A., Sklyar V.G., Klimenko A.A. Populations of Rare Plant Species: Theoretical Foundations and Methods of Study: Monograph. Sumy, Universitskaya kniga Publ., 2013. 439 p. (In Russ.).
Климанова О.А., Колбовский Е.Ю., Курбаковская А.В. Оценка геоэкологических функций зеленой инфраструктуры в городах Канады // География и природ. ресурсы. 2016. № 2. С. 191–200. Klimanova O.A., Kolbovskii E.Yu., Kurbakovskaya A.V. Assessing the Geoecological Functions of the Green Infrastructure in Cities of Canada. Geografiya i prirodnye resursy = Geography and Natural Resources, 2016, vol. 37, pp. 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1875372816020116
Мамешин Е.Д. Наш город: заметки архитектора. Хабаровск: Хабаров. кн. изд-во, 1958. 52 с. Mameshin E.D. Our City: the Architect’s Notes. Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk Publ. House, 1958. 52 p. (In Russ.).
Маракаев О.А., Смирнова Н.С., Загоскина Н.В. Техногенный стресс и его влияние на лиственные древесные растения (на примере парков г. Ярославля) // Экология. 2006. № 6. С. 410–415. Marakaev O.A., Smirnova N.S., Zagoskina N.V. Technogenic Stress and its Effect on Deciduous Trees (an Example from Parks in Yaroslavl). Ekologiya = Russian Journal of Ecology, 2006, vol. 37, pp. 373–377. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1067413606060026
Морозова Г.Ю., Дебелая И.Д. Анализ проблем озеленения современного города (на примере Хабаровска) // Вестн. Дальневост. отд-ния Рос. акад. наук. 2018. № 4(200). С. 38–48. Morozova G.Yu., Debelaya I.D. The Analysis of the Modern City Gardening Problems (on an Example of Khabarovsk). Vestnik Dal’nevostochnogo otdeleniya Rossijskoj akademii nauk, 2018, no. 4(200), pp. 38–48. (In Russ.).
Морозова Г.Ю., Дебелая И.Д., Дубянская И.Г. Особо охраняемые природные территории города Хабаровска. Хабаровск: Хабаров. вести, 2021. 165 с. Morozova G.Yu., Debelaya I.D., Dubyanskaya I.G. Specially Protected Natural Areas of the City of Khabarovsk. Khabarovsk, Khabarovskie vesti Publ., 2021. 165 p. (In Russ.).
Морозова Г.Ю., Злобин Ю.А., Мельник Т.И. Растения в урбанизированной природной среде: формирование флоры, ценогенез и структура популяций // Журн. общ. биологии. 2003. Т. 64, № 2. С. 166–180. Morozova G.Yu., Zlobin Yu.A., Melnik T.I. Plants in Urbanized Environment: Florogenesis, Coenogenesis and Population Structure. Zhurnal obshchey biologii, 2003, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 166–180. (In Russ.).
Морозова Г.Ю., Лаптиёв Г.А., Иванова В.В., Кислова Т.И. Долгосрочная целевая программа «Развитие озеленения территории города Хабаровска на 2012–2020 гг.». Хабаровск: Хабаров. вести, 2012. 33 с. Morozova G.Yu., Laptiyov G.A., Ivanova V.V., Kislova T.I. Long-Term Target Program «Development of Landscaping in the City of Khabarovsk for 2012–2020». Khabarovsk, Khabarovskie vesti Publ., 2012. 33 p. (In Russ.).
Морозова Г.Ю., Нарбут Н.А., Бабурин А.А., Воронов Б.А., Скачков В.Б., Горнова М.И., Ахтямов М.Х., Росликова В.И. Концепция озеленения Хабаровска / под ред. Б.А. Воронова. Хабаровск: Ин-т вод. и экол. проблем Дальневост. отд-ния Рос. акад. наук, 2003. 38 с. Morozova G.Yu., Narbut N.A., Baburin A.A., Voronov B.A., Skachkov V.B., Gornova M.I., Akhtyamov M.Kh., Roslikova V.I. The concept of Landscaping in Khabarovsk. Ed. by B.A. Voronov. Khabarovsk, Institute of Water and Ecology Problems of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003. 38 p. (In Russ.).
Население России. Режим доступа: https://countrymeters.info/ru/Russian_Federation (дата обращения: 24.04.22). Population of Russia. (In Russ.).
Нечаев А.П., Бабурин А.А. Деревья, кустарники и лианы хребта Хехцир // Растительный и животный мир Дальнего Востока: сб. ст. / редкол.: проф. А.П. Нечаев (отв. ред.) и др.; М-во просвещения РСФСР. Хабар. гос. пед. ин-т. Хабаровск, 1973. С. 19–31. Nechaev A.P., Baburin A.A. Trees, Shrubs and Lianas of the Khekhtsir Ridge. Rastitel’nyj i zhivotnyj mir Dal’nego Vostoka: Collection of Articles. Ed. board: prof. A.P. Nechaev (ed.-in-chief) et al. Khabarovsk, Ministry of Public Education of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1973, pp. 19–31. (In Russ.).
Новомодный Е.В. Памятники зеленого строительства, сохранившиеся с дореволюционного времени в городе Хабаровске // Культурный облик Хабаровска в XX веке: материалы гор. науч.-практ. конф. Хабаровск, 1999. С. 34–37. Novomodnyj E.V. Monuments of Green Construction, Preserved from PreRevolutionary Times in the City of Khabarovsk. The Cultural Image of Khabarovsk in the 20th Century: Proceedings of the City Scientific and Practical Conference. Khabarovsk, 1999, pp. 34–37. (In Russ.).
Озеленение населенных пунктов Хабаровского края / Гл. упр. Лесн. хоз-ва и охраны леса при Совете Министров СССР. Дальневост. науч.-исслед. ин-т лесн. хоз-ва. Хабаровск: Кн. изд-во, 1961. 104 с. Landscaping of Settlements in the Khabarovsk Territory. Khabarovsk, Main Directorate of Forestry and Forest Protection under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Far East Forestry Research Institute, Khabarovsk Publ. House, 1961. 104 p. (In Russ.).
Подойницына Д.С. Критический анализ концепции «Зеленая инфраструктура» // Архитектура и соврем. информ. технологии. 2016. № 1(34). Ст. № 12. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25478465&ysclid=m2ad5qko3y324428054 (дата обращения: 25.10.24). Podoynitsyna D.S. Critical Analysis of the Green Infrastructure Concept. Arkhitektura i sovremennye informatsionnye tekhnologii = Architecture and Modern Information Technologies, 2016, no. 1(34), art. no. 12. (In Russ.).
Подойницына Д.С., Хомяков Д.А., Гладова П.К. Инфраструктурный подход в формировании системы озеленения природно-урбанизированной надсистемы // Интернет-журн. «Науковедение». 2016. Т. 8, № 6(37). Ст. № 92. Режим доступа: https://naukovedenie.ru/PDF/92TVN616.pdf (дата обращения: 12.04.22). Podojnicyna D.S., Homyakov D.A., Gladova P.K. Infrastructure Approach to Forming a Green Areas System of Green-Urban Super System. “Naukovedenie” Internet Journal, 2016, vol. 8, no. 6(37), art. no. 92. (In Russ.).
Превратим Хабаровск в цветущий город-сад // Тихоокеан. звезда. 1961. 8 апр. (№ 84 (10909)). Let’s Turn Khabarovsk into a Blooming Garden City. Tichookeanskaya zvezda, 1961, April 8, no. 84(10909). (In Russ.).
Сенчукова Г.В., Кормилицына А.М., Ганенко И.Г. и др. Зеленый наряд города (Озеленение населенных пунктов Дальнего Востока) / предисл. Чумина В.Т. Хабаровск: Кн. изд-во, 1977. 191 с. Senchukova G.V., Kormilitsyna A.M., Ganenko I.G. et al. The Green Outfit of the City (Landscaping of Settlements in the Far East). Foreword by V.T. Chumin. Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk Publ. House, 1977. 191 p. (In Russ.).
Соловьева И.А., Нечаев А.А., Грек В.С., Морин В.А. Дендрарий ДальНИИ лесного хозяйства: современное состояние и проблемы охраны // Роль зеленых насаждений в стратегии развития Хабаровска: материалы III гор. науч.-практ. конф. Хабаровск: ТОГУ, 2007. С. 64–68. Solovieva I.A., Nechaev A.A., Grek V.S., Morin V.A. The Arboretum of the Far East Forestry Research Institute: Current State and Protection Problems. The Role of Green Spaces in the Development Strategy of Khabarovsk: Materials of the 3rd City Scientific and Practical Conference. Khabarovsk, Pacific National University Publ., 2007, pp. 64–68. (In Russ.).
Хабаровск: геогр. атлас. М.: Гл. упр. геодезии и картографии при Совете Министров СССР. М.: ГУГК, 1989. 63 с. Khabarovsk: Geographic Atlas. Moscow, Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, 1989. 63 p. (In Russ.).
Хабаровскстат: офиц. сайт. Режим доступа: https://27.rosstat.gov.ru/ (дата обращения: 25.10.24). Khabarovskstat: Official Web-Site. (In Russ.).
Чистякова А.А., Заугольнова Л.Б., Полтинкина И.В., Кутьина И.С., Лащинский Н.Н. Диагнозы и ключи возрастных состояний лесных растений. Деревья и кустарники / под ред. О.В. Смирновой. М.: Изд-во «Прометей» МГПИ им. В.И. Ленина, 1989. Ч. I. 102 с. Chistyakova A.A., Zaugol’nova L.B., Poltinkina I.V., Kut’ina I.S., Lashchinskij N.N. Diagnoses and Keys of Age-Related Conditions of Forest Plants. Trees and Shrubs. Ed. by. O.V. Smirnova. Moscow, Prometej Publ, Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after V.I. Lenin Publ., 1989, part 1. 102 p. (In Russ.).
Экосистемные услуги России: Прототип национального доклада. Т. 1. Услуги наземных экосистем / ред.-сост. Е.Н. Букварева, Д.Г. Замолодчиков. М.: Центр охраны дикой природы, 2016. 148 с. Ecosystem Services in Russia: Prototype of the National Report. Vol. 1. Terrestrial Ecosystem Services. Comp. eds. E.N. Bukvareva, D.G. Zamolodchikov. Moscow, Wildlife Conservation Centre, 2016. 148 p. (In Russ.).
Bastian O., Haase D., Grunewald K. Ecosystem Properties, Potentials and Services – The EPPS Conceptual Framework and an Urban Application Example. Ecological Indicators, 2012, vol. 21, pp. 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.03.014
Cowett F.D., Bassuk N. Street Tree Diversity in Three Northeastern U.S. States. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF), 2017, vol. 43, iss. 1, pp. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2017.001
Ghafari S., Kaviani B., Sedaghathoor Sh., Allahyari M.S. Ecological Potentials of Trees, Shrubs and Hedge Species for Urban Green Spaces by Multi Criteria Decision Making. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2020, vol. 55, art. no. 126824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126824
Green Infrastructure. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure (accessed 02.04.22).
Gunnarsson B., Knez I., Hedblom M., Ode Sang Å. Effects of Biodiversity and Environment-Related Attitude on Perception of Urban Green Space. Urban Ecosystems, 2016, vol. 20, pp. 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-016-0581-x
Hernandez J.G.V., Pallagst K., Hammer P. Urban Green Spaces as a Component of an Ecosystem Functions, Services, Users, Community Involvement, Initiatives and Actions. International Journal Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources, 2018, vol. 8 , iss. 1, art. no. 555730. https://doi.org/10.19080/IJESNR.2018.08.555730
Kinzig A.P., Warren P., Martin C., Hope D., Katti M. The Effects of Human Socioeconomic Status and Cultural Characteristics on Urban Patterns of Biodiversity. Ecology & Society, 2005, vol. 10, no. 1, art. no. 23. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01264-100123
McKinney M.L. Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Conservation: The Impacts of Urbanization on Native Species are Poorly Studied, but Educating a Highly Urbanized Human Population about These Impacts Can Greatly Improve Species Conservation in All Ecosystems. BioScience, 2002, vol. 52, iss. 10, pp. 883–890. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0883:UBAC]2.0.CO;2
Robrecht H., Lorena L., Mader A.D., Calcaterra E., Nel J., Hammerl M., Moola F., Ludlow D., Wackernagel M., Teller A. Ecosystem Services in Cities and Public Management. TEEB – The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Local and Regional Policy Makers, 2010, pp. 65–80.
Sjöman H., Hirons A.D., Bassuk N.L. Urban Forest Resilience through Tree Selection – Variation in Drought Tolerance in Acer. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2015, vol. 14, iss. 4, pp. 858–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.08.004
Trzyna T., Edmiston J.T., Hyman G., McNeely J.A., e Menezes P. da C., Myrdal B., Phillips A. Urban Protected Areas: Profiles and Best Practice Guidelines. Switzerland, Gland, IUCN, Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines. Series no. 22, 2014. 110 p.
2018 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Available at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm (accessed 24.08.22).
