Autonomic Heart Rate Regulation in Athletes Specializing in Racing Different Distances
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37482/2687-1491-Z259Keywords:
running disciplines, types of training, autonomic regulation, heart rate variability, spectral HRV parameters, sympathetic modulation, parasympathetic modulation, predictors of adaptation to training loadsAbstract
The autonomic nervous system, through the interaction between sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation, determines adaptation to various types of training. Monitoring the spectral characteristics of heart rate variability during different phases of the training cycle allows us to assess the balance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic influences of the autonomic nervous system and is a useful tool for determining the states of adaptation/maladaptation to training effects. The purpose of this paper was to study autonomic heart rate regulation in athletes specializing in racing different distances, during different phases of the training cycle. Materials and methods. The research involved male Candidates for Master of Sport, Masters of Sport, and International Masters of Sport (n = 123; athletics and speed skating) aged between 18 and 25 years (mean age 20.3 ± 3.1 years; length of training 5 years and more). The subjects were divided into 3 groups: sprinters (n = 40), middle-distance runners (n = 38) and long-distance runners (n = 45). Spectral characteristics of heart rate variability were monitored during different phases of the training cycle using the Poly-Spectrum-8/EX digital ECG system (Neurosoft, Ivanovo, Russia). Results. The data obtained indicate that during training and competitions, the functional optimum in track and field athletes and speed skaters is achieved through autonomic function: in sprinters, due to the activation of the sympathetic department; in middle-distance runners, due to an increase in the share of very low frequency waves; in long-distance runners, due to autonomic heart rate regulation. Presumably, the noted mechanisms of autonomic heart rate regulation in athletes specializing in different types of sports can be predictors of successful adaptation to training effects.
Downloads
References
Быков Е.В., Балберова О.В., Чипышев А.В., Сидоркина Е.Г. Особенности функциональной подготовленности спортсменов циклических видов спорта с разной спецификой тренировочного процесса // Вестн. МГПУ. Сер.: Естеств. науки. 2020. № 2(38). С. 78–89.
Bellenger C.R., Fuller J.T., Thomson R.L., Davison K., Robertson E.Y., Buckley J.D. Monitoring Athletic Training Status Through Autonomic Heart Rate Regulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis // Sports Med. 2016. Vol. 46, № 10. P. 1461–1486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0484-2
Proietti R., di Fronso S., Pereira L.A., Bortoli L., Robazza C., Nakamura F.Y., Bertollo M. Heart Rate Variability Discriminates Competitive Levels in Professional Soccer Players // J. Strength Cond. Res. 2017. Vol. 31, № 6. P. 1719–1725. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001795
Быков Е.В., Балберова О.В. Вариабельность сердечного ритма как индикатор высокой спортивной результативности в ходьбе на длинных дистанциях // Актуальные проблемы и современные тенденции развития спортивной подготовки в циклических видах спорта: материалы III Всерос. науч.-практ. конф. с междунар. участием, посвящ. памяти проф. Г.В. Цыганова, прошедшей в рамках Десятилетия науки и технологий. Казань: Поволж. гос. ун-т физ. культуры, спорта и туризма, 2023. С. 37–42.
Manresa-Rocamora A., Sarabia J.M., Javaloyes A., Flatt A.A., Moya-Ramón M. Heart Rate Variability-Guided Training for Enhancing Cardiac-Vagal Modulation, Aerobic Fitness, and Endurance Performance: A Methodological Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis // Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021. Vol. 18, № 19. Art. № 10299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910299
Гаврилова Е.А. Патология сердца, индуцированная физическими нагрузками. Обзор зарубежной литературы // Безопасный спорт-2023: материалы X Междунар. конгр. СПб.: Сев.-Зап. гос. мед. ун-т им. И.И. Мечникова, 2023. С. 90–94.
Шлык Н.И., Гаврилова Е.А. Брадикардия и вариабельность сердечного ритма у спортсменов // Человек. Спорт. Медицина. 2023. Т. 23, № S1. С. 59–69.
Rudics E., Buzás A., Pálfi A., Szabó Z., Nagy Á., Hompoth E.A., Dombi J., Bilicki V., Szendi I., Dér A. Quantifying Stress and Relaxation: A New Measure of Heart Rate Variability as a Reliable Biomarker // Biomedicines. 2025. Vol. 13, № 1. Art. № 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13010081
Ходырев Г.Н., Хлыбова С.В., Циркин В.И., Дмитриева С.Л. Методические аспекты анализа временных и спектральных показателей вариабельности сердечного ритма (обзор литературы) // Вят. мед. вестн. 2011. № 3–4. С. 60–70.
Baevsky R.М., Chernikova A.G. Heart Rate Variability Analysis: Physiological Foundations and Main Methods // Cardiometry. 2017. № 10. P. 66–76.
Жгир Б.А., Кудря О.Н. Метаболическая стоимость бега на горизонтальной и наклонной поверхностях у высококвалифицированных бегуний на длинные дистанции в условиях среднегорья // Уч. зап. ун-та им. П.Ф. Лесгафта. 2021. № 12(202). С. 157–160.
Катаев Д.А., Циркин В.И., Кишкина В.В., Трухина С.И., Трухин А.Н. Природа общей мощности спектра и очень низкочастотных волн кардиоинтервалограммы с позиций адаптации организма человека к двигательной активности (обзор) // Журн. мед.-биол. исследований. 2023. Т. 11, № 1. С. 95–107. https://doi.org/10.37482/2687-1491-Z134
Kakinuma Y. Characteristic Effects of the Cardiac Non-Neuronal Acetylcholine System Augmentation on Brain Functions // Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021. Vol. 22, № 2. Art. № 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020545
Dong J.-G. The Role of Heart Rate Variability in Sports Physiology (Review) // Exp. Ther. Med. 2016. Vol. 11, № 5. Р. 1531–1536. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3104
Kim H.-G., Cheon E.-J., Bai D.-S., Lee Y.H., Koo B.-H. Stress and Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature // Psychiatry Investig. 2018. Vol. 15, № 3. Р. 235–245. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2017.08.17
