Current Aspects of the Physiological Characteristics of Prolactin (Review)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37482/2687-1491-Z260Keywords:
prolactin, prolactin receptors, neuropeptides, hyperprolactinaemia, prolactin-stimulating hormone, Baevsky Stress IndexAbstract
Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone synthesized by lactotrophs primarily in the anterior pituitary gland. However, variants of this hormone have been identified resulting from processes such as alternative splicing of the primary transcript and proteolytic cleavage. A total of 320 literature sources from Russian and foreign electronic databases for the period from 2008 to 2024 were analysed. After applying the exclusion criteria, 31 most significant studies were selected. Prolactin is known to have more than 300 different biological effects. In women, prolactin affects the activity of the corpus luteum and its progesterone secretion, synchronizes ovulation and follicle maturation, and influences parental behavior and mood after childbirth. In men, it is involved in the functional activity of the testicles and accessory glands, regulates the sexual function and spermatogenesis as well as increases the level of testosterone. Factors stimulating prolactin production in men include nighttime sleep, especially slow-wave sleep, intense exercise and chronic stress; consuming large amounts of protein before bed can increase prolactin concentrations in the morning. In women, prolactin levels rise sharply during lactation but fluctuate before and after ovulation. In both sexes, elevated prolactin concentrations are caused by acute and chronic stress, thyroid dysfunction and the use of certain medications (e.g., antipsychotics and antidepressants). Hyperprolactinaemia in men negatively affects the libido, spermatogenesis, erection and ejaculation as well as causes inflammation and prostate tumours. In women, it is one of the causes of dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome and menstrual migraines, and contributes to the development of infertility, breast cancer and metastasis. Prolactin has been shown to affect the immune system, metabolic homeostasis, fat and carbohydrate metabolism, hair growth, bone and skin health, psycho-emotional sphere, stress adaptation, synthesis and metabolism of neurotransmitters as well as inflammatory, traumatic and pain responses.
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