Changes in the Morphological Characteristics of Secondary Fiber Obtained from Wet-Strength Paper during Gentle Refining of Recycled Pulp. Part 1. Fiber Characteristics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-5-157-172Keywords:
bleached softwood kraft pulp, wet-strength paper, repulping, secondary fiber, gentle refining, morphological characteristicsAbstract
The efficient use of papermaking potential of secondary fiber by gentle refining of recycled pulp is one of the basic principles for the recovered paper stock preparation. The use of mild refining modes for recycled fiber is more important in the case of wetstrength paper than for conventional waste paper. This is due to the fact that recycled fiber is weakened by hard conditions of wet-strength paper repulping, in particular, long repulping time, elevated temperature, the use of alkali and oxidizers. The study aims at evaluating the changes in the morphological characteristics of secondary fiber during gentle low-consistency refining of recycled pulp. The analysis of the secondary fiber morphological characteristics was carried out in two complementary directions, i.e. the analysis of the fibers (part 1) and the analysis of the fines (part 2). Recycled pulp (RP) was obtained from commercial wetstrength tissue paper consisting of 100 % bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) made of pine (Pίnus sylvéstris L.). The wet-strength paper repulping was performed at 60 °C in three ways, namely, repulping with sodium hydroxide (indicated as RP(NaOH)), repulping with sodium hydroxide and sodium persulfate (RP(NaOH + Na2S2O8)), and finally repulping with sodium hydroxide and potassium monopersulfate (RP(NaOH + KHSO5)). Secondary fibers as well as primary fibers of BSKP had similar length distribution before and after gentle refining. Mean fiber length after first recycle reduced by 5–6 %. The calculated values of the fibershortening index showed that fiber cutting practically does not occur during gentle refiningof the recycled pulps. The increase in the refining degree of the pulps is mainly explained by the fibrillation of secondary fibers, rather than the formation of a large amount of fines. Secondary fibers obtained from the wet-strength paper have a high slenderness ratio ((L/W)l from 66.3 to 66.5 and (L/W)w from 83.6 to 84.3; where L – length, W – width) corresponding to pulp with good papermaking potential. The results showed that low-consistency gentle refining of the recycled pulp obtained by accelerated persulfate and monopersulfate repulping of the wet-strength paper leads to fiber straightening. The overall increase in the shape factor of secondary fibers was achieved due to a combination of accelerated repulping of the wetstrength waste paper (by ~ 60 %) and gentle refining of the pulp (by ~ 40 %).
For citation: Penkin A.A., Kazakov Ya.V. Changes in the Morphological Characteristics of Secondary Fiber Obtained from Wet-Strength Paper during Gentle Refining of Recycled Pulp. Part 1. Fiber Characteristics. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2022, no. 5, pp. 157–172. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-5-157-172
Downloads
References
Казаков Я.В. Характеристика геометрических параметров волокон целлюлозных полуфабрикатов с использованием вероятностных методов // Химия растит. сырья. 2014. № 1. С. 269–275. Kazakov Y.V. The Characteristic of Geometrical Parameters of Cellulose Fibers in Pulp Using Probabilistic Approach. Khimija Rastitel’nogo Syr’ja = Chemistry of plant raw material, 2014, no. 1, pp. 269–275. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.1401269
Пенкин А.А. Рециклинг влагопрочной бумаги санитарно-гигиенического назначения. Ч. 1. Кинетика дезинтеграции вторичного сырья при роспуске // Химия растит. сырья. 2022. № 1. С. 355–365. Penkin A.A. Recycling of Wet-Strength Tissue Paper. Part 1. Kinetics of Paper Disintegration at Repulping Process. Khimija Rastitel’nogo Syr’ja = Chemistry of plant raw material, 2022, no. 1, pp. 355–365. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2022019893
Пузырев С.С., Тюрин Е.Т., Логинова Т.В., Ковалева О.П. Особенности переработки трудноразволокняемой макулатуры // Целлюлоза. Бумага. Картон. 2006. № 10. С. 40–44. Puzyrev S.S., Tyurin E.T., Loginova T.V., Kovaleva O.P. Peculiarities of Processing of Pulp with Low Grade of Fiber Elutriation. Tsellyuloza. Bumaga. Karton, 2006, no. 10, pp. 40–44. (In Russ.).
Смолин А. Вторичные волокна в современной технологии ЦБП // ЛесПромИнформ. 2015. № 4(110). С. 146–148. Smolin A.S. Secondary Fibers in Modern Technology of Pulp and Paper Industry. LesPromInform, 2015, no. 4(110), pp. 146–148. (In Russ.).
Технология целлюлозно-бумажного производства: в 3 т. Т. II. Производство бумаги и картона. Ч. 1. Технология производства и обработки бумаги и картона. СПб.: Политехника, 2005. 423 с. Technology of Pulp and Paper Production: In 3 Vol. Vol. 2. Production of Paper and Cardboard. Part 1: Technology of Paper and Cardboard Production and Processing. Saint Petersburg, Politekhnika Publ., 2005. 423 p. (In Russ.).
Area M.C., Popa V.I. Wood Fibres for Papermaking. Shawbury, Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd., 2014. 106 p.
Bajpai P. Recycling and Deinking of Recovered Paper. London, Elsevier, 2014. 304 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-00556-7
Bajpai P. Pulp and Paper Industry: Chemicals. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2016. 327 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-02795-5
Belgacem M.N., Pizzi A. Lignocellulosic Fibers and Wood Handbook: Renewable Materials for Today’s Environment. Weinheim, Wiley, 2016. 704 p. https://doi. org/10.1002/9781118773727
Chen T., Xie, Y., Wei Q., Wang X., Hagman, O., Karlsson O., Liu J. Effect of Refining on Physical Properties and Paper Strength of Pinus massoniana and China Fir Cellulose Fibers. BioResources, 2016, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 7839–7848. https://doi.org/10.15376/ biores.11.3.7839-7848
Debnath M., Salem K.S., Naithani V., Musten E., Hubbe M.A., Pal L. Soft Mechanical Treatments of Recycled Fibers Using a High-Shear Homogenizer for Tissue and Hygiene Product. Cellulose, 2021, vol. 28, pp. 7981–7994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570- 021-04024-0
Espy H.H. The Mechanism of Wet-Strength Development in Paper: A Review. TAPPI Journal, 1995, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 90–99.
Espy H.H., Geist G.W. Persulfates as Repulping Reagents for Neutral/Alkaline Wet-Strength Broke. TAPPI Journal, 1993, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 139–142.
Ferdous T., Quaiyyum M.A., Bashar S., Jahan M.S. Anatomical, Morphological and Chemical Characteristics of Kaun Straw (Seetaria-Italika). Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, 2020, vol. 35, iss. 2, pp. 288–298. https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2019-0057
Fu Y., Wang R., Li D., Wang Z., Zhang F., Meng Q., Qin M. Changes in the Microstructure and Properties of Aspen Chemithermomechanical Pulp Fibres during Recycling. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2015, vol. 117, pp. 862–868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carb- pol.2014.10.036
Gharehkhani S., Sadeghinezhad E., Kazi S.N., Yarmand H., Badarudin A., Safaei M.R., Zubir M.N.M. Basic Effects of Pulp Refining on Fiber Properties – A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2015, vol. 115, pp. 785–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.047
Holik H. Handbook of Paper and Board. Weinheim, Wiley, 2013. 992 p. https:// doi.org/10.1002/9783527652495
Hubbe M.A., Venditti R.A., Rojas O.J. What Happens to Cellulosic Fibers during Papermaking and Recycling? A Review. BioResources, 2007, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 739–788. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.2.4.739-788
Karlsson H. Fibre Guide: Fibre Analysis and Process Applications in the Pulp and Paper Industry. Kista, AB Lorentzen & Wettre, 2006. 120 p.
Karlsson H. et al. Online Standardized Measurements of Pulp and Stock Quality. 65th Appita Annual Conference and Exhibition: Conference Technical Papers. Carlton, Vic., Appita Inc., 2011, pp. 251–258.
Kerekes R.J. Characterizing Refining Action in PFI Mills. TAPPI Journal, 2005, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 9–13.
Lin B., He B., Liu Y., Ma L. Correlation Analysis for Fiber Characteristics and Strength Properties of Softwood Kraft Pulps from Different Stages of a Bleaching Fiber Line. BioResources, 2014, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 5024–5033. https://doi.org/10.15376/ biores.9.3.5024-5033
Molin U., Daniel G. Effects of Refining on the Fibre Structure of Kraft Pulps as Revealed by FE-SEM and TEM: Influence of Alkaline Degradation. Holzforschung, 2004, vol. 58, iss. 3, pp. 226–232. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2004.035
Motamedian H.R., Halilović A.E., Kulachenko A. Mechanisms of Strength and Stiffness Improvement of Paper after PFI Refining with a Focus on the Effect of Fines. Cellulose, 2019, vol. 26, pp. 4099–4124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02349-5
Obokata T., Isogai A. The Mechanism of Wet-Strength Development of Cellulose Sheets Prepared with Polyamideamine-Epichlorohydrin (PAE) Resin. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2007, vol. 302, iss. 1-3, pp. 525–531. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.03.025
Saito T., Isogai A. Novel Method to Improve Wet Strength of Paper. TAPPI Journal, 2005, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 3–8.
Shen X., Li B., Mo W., Chai X.-S. Effects of a PFI Refiner’s Operational Parameters on the Swellability of Recycled Fiber. TAPPI Journal, 2020, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 239–246. https://doi.org/10.32964/TJ19.5.239
Siqueira E.J., Salon M.-C.B., Belgacem M.N., Mauret E. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as a Model Compound of Cellulose Fibers and Polyamideamine Epichlorohydrin (PAE) – CMC Interactions as a Model of PAE – Fibers Interactions of PAE-Based Wet Strength Papers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2015, vol. 132, iss. 26, art. 42144. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.42144
Wistara N.J., Young R.A. Properties and Treatments of Pulps from Recycled Paper. Part I. Physical and Chemical Properties of Pulps. Cellulose, 1999, vol. 6, pp. 291–324. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009221125962
Xu F., Zhong X., Sun R.C., Lu Q. Anatomy, Ultrastructure and Lignin Distribution in Cell Wall of Caragana Korshinskii. Industrial Crops and Products, 2006, vol. 24, iss. 2, pp. 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2006.04.002
Yang D., DiFlavio J.-L., Gustafsson E., Pelton R. Wet-Peel: A Tool for Comparing Wet-Strength Resins. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 2018, vol. 33, iss. 4, pp. 632–646. https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2018-0013
Yang R., Luettgen C. Repulping of Wet Strength Paper Towel with Potassium Monopersulfate. TAPPI Journal, 2020, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 463–470. https://doi.org/10.32964/ TJ19.9.463
Yang X., Berglund L.A. Recycling without Fiber Degradation – Strong Paper Structures for 3D Forming Based on Nanostructurally Tailored Wood Holocellulose Fibers. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2020, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1146–1154. https://doi. org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06176
