Silvicultural Characteristics of European Larch Trees of Different Kraft Classes in Forest Crops
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2025-4-9-19Keywords:
forest crops, European larch, Kraft classes, reduction number, soil-light increment, relative heightAbstract
A comparative study of silvicultural characteristics of the growth of trees of various Kraft classes has been conducted in the forest crops of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) growing in the centre of the Russian Plain in the conditions of a blueberry pine forest (Pinetum myrtillosum). The relevance of the work is due to the absence of similar studies for artificial dendrocenoses over the past 25 years. The dynamics of reduction numbers, soil-light increments and relative heights of trees of different Kraft classes at the maturity stage of the stand (124–149 years old) has been considered. It has been established that at the age of 124, 134 and 149 years old, reduction numbers and relative heights are strictly differentiated in terms of different Kraft classes and this feature has been maintained for 25 years. Moreover, from 124 to 149 years of age, the reduction numbers and relative heights for different Kraft classes change little, and for trees of Kraft classes I and II they are almost stable. Trees of Kraft class III are closest to the average diameter and average height of the entire stand: they differ by 7 % in diameter and by 2 % in height. The silvicultural peculiarity of trees of different Kraft classes is not only the specificity of their rank position, but also the nature of the functional implementation of soil-light increments, both in diameter and in height, in different periods of time. For example, in the time period of 124–134 years of age, the soil-light increment in diameter of trees of Kraft class V has been 3.3 times less than in class I, and in height – 3.9 times less. In the period of 141–149 years of age, the difference in soil-light increment in height has not changed, but in diameter it has increased to 4.3 times. In dynamics, the values of soil-light increment and relative height show a depression of growth processes in trees of Kraft classes V, which become candidates for mortality. In general, the division of the plantation into Kraft classes reflects the functional hierarchy and shows the existence of rank structures of the dendrocenosis and their stability over time.
Downloads
References
Абатуров А.В. Толерантность основных лесообразующих пород в условиях рекреационного лесопользования // Динамика и устойчивость рекреационных лесов: сб. ст. М.: Т-во науч. изд. КМК, 2006. C. 25–65. Abaturov A.V. Tolerance of the Main Forest-Forming Species in the Conditions of Recreational Forest Management. Dynamics and Sustainability of Recreational Forests: Collection of Articles. Moscow: KMK Scientific Press Ltd., 2006, pp. 25–65. (In Russ.).
Бабич Н.А., Мерзленко М.Д., Евдокимов И.В. Фитомасса сосны и ели в Европейской части России. Архангельск: АГТУ, 2004. 112 с. Babich N.A., Merzlenko M.D., Evdokimov I.V. Phytomass of Pine and Spruce in the European part of Russia. Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk State Technical University Publ., 2004. 112 p. (In Russ.).
Брынцев В.А., Лавренов М.А. Оценка результатов интродукции видов рода Larix Mill. в центр Европейской части России // Хвойные бореал. зоны. 2019. Т. 37, No 6. С. 385–395. Bryntsev V.A., Lavrenov M.A. Assessment of Results of Introduction of Species of the Genus Larix Mill. in the Centre of the European Part of Russia. Khvojnye boreal’noj zony = Conifers of the Boreal Area, 2019, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 385–395. (In Russ.).
Брынцев В.А., Лавренов М.А., Коженкова А.А. Исследование морфологических признаков и посевных качеств семян видов рода Larix Mill. в условиях интродукции // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2022. No 2. С. 26–38. (In Russ.). Bryntsev V.A., Lavrenov M.A., Kozhenkova A.A. Studying Morphological Characteristics and Sowing Qualities of Seeds of Species of the Genus Larix Mill. in the Conditions of Introduction. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2022, no. 2, pp. 26–38. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-2-26-38
Ирошников А.И. Лиственницы России. Биоразнообразие и селекция. М.: ВНИИЛМ, 2004. 182 с. Iroshnikov A.I. Larches of Russia. Biodiversity and Breeding. Moscow, All-Russian Research Institute for Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry Publ., 2004. 182 p. (In Russ.).
Карасев Н.Н. Повышение продуктивности лесов Подмосковья путем интродукции лиственницы: автореф. дис. ... канд. с.-х. наук. Москва, 2009. 20 с. Karasev N.N. Increasing the Productivity of Forests in the Moscow Region through the Introduction of Larch: Cand. Agric. Sci. Diss. Abs. Moscow, 2009. 20 p. (In Russ.).
Качанова Ю.П. Исследование особенностей семеношения лиственниц в условиях северо-запада России // Соврем. науч. исследования и инновации. 2017. No 5 (73). С. 32. Kachanova Yu.P. Studying the Features of Larch Seed Formation in the North-West of Russia. Sovremennyye nauchnyye issledovaniya i innovatsii = Modern Scientific Researches and Innovations, 2017, no. 5 (73), p. 32. (In Russ.).
Коженкова А.А., Мерзленко М.Д. Географические культуры лиственницы в Серебряноборском опытном лесничестве // Лесн. комплекс: состояние и перспективы развития: сб. по итогам XVII Междунар. науч.-техн. конф. No 49. Брянск, 2017. С. 99–101. Kozhenkova A.A., Merzlenko M.D. Geographical Cultures of Larch in the Serebryanobor Experimental Forestry. Forestry Complex: Status and Development Prospects: Collection of the Results of the XVII International Scientific and Technical Conference. Bryansk, 2017, no. 49, pp. 99–101. (In Russ.).
Логунов Д.В. Экологические особенности роста и развития представителей рода лиственница (Larix Mill.) в условиях антропогенных ландшафтов Нижегородской области: дис. ... канд. биол. наук. Нижний Новгород, 2002. 287 с. Logunov D.V. Ecological Features of Growth and Development of Representatives of the Genus Larch (Larix Mill.) in the Conditions of Anthropogenic Landscapes of the Nizhny Novgorod Region: Cand. Biol. Sci. Diss. Nizhniy Novgorod, 2002. 287 p. (In Russ.).
Маслаков Е.Л. Формирование сосновых молодняков. М.: Лесн. пром-сть, 1984. 168 с. Maslakov E.L. Formation of Young Pine Stands. Moscow, Lesnaya promyshlennost’ Publ., 1984. 168 p. (In Russ.).
Медведев Я.С. К учению о влиянии света на развитие древесных стволов // Лесн. журн. 1884. Вып. 5 и 6. С. 326–373. Medvedev Ya.S. On the Doctrine of the Influence of Light on the Development of Tree Stems. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 1884, iss. 5 and 6, pp. 326–373. (In Russ.).
Мелехов И.С. Лесоводство. 2-е изд. М.: МГУЛ, 2002. 320 с. Melekhov I.S. Forestry: 2nd ed. Moscow, Moscow State Forest University Publ., 2002. 320 p. (In Russ.).
Мельник Л.П. Естественное возобновление лиственницы европейской за пределами ареала при минимальном количестве семенников // Лесн. вестн. / Forestry Bulletin. 2021. Т. 25, No 6. С. 39–44. Melnik L.P. Natural Regeneration of European Larch Outside Natural Area with Minimum of Seed Trees. Lesnoy Vestnik = Forestry Bulletin, 2021, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 39–44. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2021-6-39-44
Мельник П.Г., Мерзленко М.Д., Лобова С.Л. Результат выращивания климатипов лиственницы в географических культурах северо-восточного Подмосковья // Вестн. Алтайск. гос. аграр. ун-та. 2016. No 2 (136). С. 62–67. Melnik P.G., Merzlenko M.D., Lobova S.L. The Result of Growing Larch Climatypes in Geographical Cultures of the North-Eastern Moscow Region. Vestnik Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Bulletin of Altai State Agricultural University, 2016, no. 2 (136), pp. 62–67. (In Russ.).
Мерзленко М.Д. Эталон деятельности лесовода. М.: Изд. дом Рученькиных, 2022. 174 с. Merzlenko M.D. The Standard of Forestry Activity. Moscow, Ruchen’kin Publ. House, 2022. 174 p. (In Russ.).
Мерзленко М.Д., Коженкова А.А., Брынцев В.А. Лесокультурно-лесоводственные особенности уникального типа лесных культур лиственницы европейской. // Вестн. Алтайск. гос. аграр. ун-та. 2016. No 12 (146). С. 50–54. Merzlenko M.D., Kozhenkova A.A., Bryntsev V.A. Silvicultural Features of the Unique Type of Forest Crops of European Larch. Vestnik Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Bulletin of Altai State Agricultural University, 2016, no. 12 (146), pp. 50–54. (In Russ.).
Мерзленко М.Д., Мельник П.Г., Коженкова А.А. Результаты выращивания климатипов лиственницы в географических культурах Западного Подмосковья // Вестн. Алтайск. гос. аграрн. ун-та. 2018. No 1 (159). С. 72–77. Merzlenko M.D., Melnik P.G., Kozhenkova A.A. Growth Results of Larch Climotypes in Geographical Plantations of the Western Part of the Moscow Region. Vestnik Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Bulletin of Altai State Agricultural University, 2018, no. 1 (159), pp. 72–77. (In Russ.).
Морозов Г.Ф. Основания учения о лесе: лекции, читанные в Таврическом Университете. Репринтное издание. М.: ГОУ ВПО МГУЛ, 2011. 330 с. Morozov G.F. Foundations of the Doctrine of Forest: Lectures Given at the Taurida University: reprint. ed. Moscow, Moscow State Forest University Publ., 2011. 330 p. (In Russ.).
Орлов М.М. Лесная таксация. Л.: Ленинградск. лесн. ин-т, 1925. 510 с. Orlov M.M. Forest Inventory. Leningrad, Leningrad Forestry Institute Publ., 1925. 510 p. (In Russ.).
Редько Г.И., Мерзленко М.Д., Бабич Н.А. Лесные культуры. СПб.: ГЛТА, 2005. 366 с. Red’ko G.I., Merzlenko M.D., Babich N.A. Forest Crops. St. Petersburg, State Forestry Academy Publ., 2005. 366 p. (In Russ.).
Рубцов М.В., Глазунов Ю.Б., Николаев Д.К. Лиственница европейская в центре Русской равнины // Лесн. хоз-во. 2011. No 5. С. 26–29. Rubtsov M.V., Glazunov Yu.B., Nikolaev D.K. European Larch in the Centre of the Russian Plain. Lesnoe khozyajstvo, 2011, no. 5, pp. 26–29. (In Russ.).
Соболев А.Н. Плодоношение лесных насаждений // Плодоношение лесных насаждений. СПб.: Типо-литография М.П. Фроловой, 1908. С. 1–62. (In Russ.). Sobolev A.N. Fruiting of Forest Plantations. Fruiting of Forest Plantations. St. Petersburg, M.P. Frolova Typography, 1908, pp. 1–62. (In Russ.).
Abaimov A.P., Barzut V.M., Berkutenko A.N., Buitink J., Martinsson O., Milyutin L.I., Polezhaev A., Putenikhin V.P., Takata K. Seed Collection and Seed Quality of Larix spp. from Russia: Initial Phase on the Russia-Scandinavian Larch Project. Eurasian Journal of Forest Research, 2002, no. 4, pp. 39–49.
Bryntsev V.A., Lavrenov M.A., Vasiliev S.B., Savchenkova V.A., Nikitin V.F. Comparative Analysis of Variability of Morphological Characteristics of European and Japanese Larches with Their Hybrids. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020, vol. 574, art. no. 012007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/574/1/012007
Burschel P., Huss J. Grundriß des Waldbaus. Berlin: Parey Buchverlag, 1977. 487 p. (In Germ.).
Danek M., Chuchro M., Danek T. Extreme Growth Reaction of Larch (Larix decidua Mill.) from the Polish Sudetes and Carpathians: Spatial Distribution and Climate Impact. Trees, 2021, vol. 35, pp. 211–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-020-02029-z
Dušek D., Novák J. The Effect of Thinning on the Growth of a Substitute Forest Stand of European Larch (Larix decidua Mill.). Zprávy Lesnického Výzkumu, 2024, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 136–142. (In Czech with Eng. Summary). https://doi.org/10.59269/zlv/2024/2/728
Fedorkov A. Stem Growth and Quality of Six Provenances of Larix sukaczewii Dyl. and Larix sibirica Ledeb. in a Field Trial Located in North-West Russia. Baltic Forestry, 2017, vol. 23, no. 3 (46), pp. 603–607.
Izworska K., Muter E., Fleischer P., Zielonka T. Delay of Growth Release after a Windthrow Event and Climate Response in a Light‑Demanding Species (European Larch Larix decidua Mill.). Trees, 2022, vol. 36, pp. 427–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-021-02218-4
Kraft G. Beiträge zur Lehre von den Durchforstungen, Schlagstellungen und Lichtungshieben. Hannover, Klindworth’s Verlag, 1884. 148 p. (In Germ.).
Lewandovski A. Modrew Polski (L. decidua Mill. subsp. polonica (Racib.) Domin): Struktura Genetyczua Populacji oraz jego Pochodzenie w Swetle Badan Izoenzymowych. Kornik, 1995. 72 p. (In Pol.).
Pfalz W. Die Europäische Lärche in Zentrum der Russischen Tiefebene. AFZ – der Wald, 2014, no. 3, pp. 23–25. (In Germ.).
Slobodník B., Guttenberger H. Zygotic Embryogenesis and Empty Seed Formation in European Larch (Larix decidua Mill.). Annals of Forest Science, 2005, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2005004
Szaban Ja., Kowalkowski W., Łacka A., Karaszewski Z. Wood Density in European Larch (Larix decidua Mill.) from Selected Provenances Grown at the Siemianice Forest Experimental Station. Drewno = Wood, 2021, vol. 64, no. 207, pp. 27–41. https://doi.org/10.12841/wood.1644-3985.378.08
Szymański N., Wilczyński S. Radial Growth Response of European Larch Provenances to Interannual Climate Variation in Poland. Forests, 2021, vol. 12, no. 3, art. no. 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/fl2030334
Teodosiu M., Mihai G., Ciocîrlan E., Curtu A.L. Genetic Characterisation and Core Collection Construction of European Larch (Larix decidua Mill.) from Seed Orchards in Romania. Forests, 2023, vol. 14, no. 8, art. no. 1575. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14081575
